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Phase 3a > General Practice > Flashcards

General Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes/risk factors for the developmental of heart failure?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Heart Valve Disease
  • Excess alcohol
  • Ischaemic Heart Disease
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Arrythmias
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Severe anaemia
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2
Q

What are the causes of high-output Heart Failure?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Pregnancy
  • Paget’s disease
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3
Q

What are the causes of Low-output heart Failure?

A
  • MI
  • Excessive preload
  • Chronic hypetension
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4
Q

What GENERAL symptoms do you get with a patient with heart failure?

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Wheeze
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5
Q

What symptoms are more specific to left ventricular heart failure?

A
  • Orthopnoea
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
  • Nocturnal cough
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6
Q

What symptoms are more specific to right ventricular heart failure?

A
  • Facial engorgement
  • Peripheral oedema
  • Anorexia
  • Raised JVP/pulsation of the neck
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7
Q

What bloods test would be needed in heart failure?

A
  • U&Es
  • BNP
  • Creatinine
  • Albumin
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8
Q

What investigations, in addition to bloods, would you do in suspected heart failure?

A
  • Chest X-ray
  • ECG
  • Echocardiogram
  • Exercise stress test
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9
Q

What is the management for heart failure with low ejection fraction?

A

First-line: ACE inhibitor and Beta blocker

Second line: Add spironolactone

Later: Digoxin and other specialist medication can be given if symptoms persist

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10
Q

What is the most likely reason for hypertension?

A

Unknown - 85% of hypertension is primary with no known cause

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11
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypertension?

A
  • Renal disease e.g. renal artery stenosis, scarring, polycystic
  • Primary aldosteronism
  • Drugs e.g. COP, corticosteroids, SNRI antidepressants, cocaine, amphetamines
  • Uncommon e.g. Conn’s, Csuhing’s and phaechromocytoma
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12
Q

What blood pressure is stage 1?

A

> 140/90

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13
Q

What blood pressure is stage 2?

A

> 160/100

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14
Q

What blood pressure is stage 3?

A

Systolic >180 and/or Diastolic >110

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15
Q

What is the hypertension treatment pathway (stages of treatment) for a 52 year old caucasian man?

A
  • ACE-inhibitor or ARB
  • Combine with CCB
  • Add thiazide-like diuretic
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16
Q

What is the hypertension treatment pathway for a 57 year old man?

A
  • CCB
  • Combine with ACE-I/ARB
  • Add thiazide like diuretic
17
Q

Give an example of a thiazide-like diuretic

A
  • Bendroflumethiazide
18
Q

A lady presents with vaginal itching and irritation. She also complains of a discharge which she likens to cottage cheese. In addition to this she complains of soreness and stinging on urination. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Thrush (Candida infection)

19
Q

What causes thrush?

A

Candida albicans

20
Q

What is the treatment for thrush?

A

intravginal cream or pessary e.g. Clotimazole, econazole, miconazole or fenticonazole

21
Q

A lady presents complaining of a smell discharge from her vagina. She is embarrassed because the smell is similar to that of fish. On examination the discharge is thin and white. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

22
Q

What is the treatment fo bacterial vaginosis?

A

Antibiotic tablets or gel - Metronidazole or Clindamycin

23
Q

A lady presents complaining of an abnormal discharge from her vagina. She describes it as thick, yellow/green in colour with some mild irritation. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Trichomoniasis

24
Q

What is the cause of trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

25
Q

What is the treatment for trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole (5 to 7 days)

26
Q

What activities can increase the risk of developing bacterial vaginosis?

A
  • Washing with perfumed soaps
  • Having bubble baths
  • Using vaginal washes
  • Using strong washing detergents
  • Being sexually active
  • Changing partner
  • Intrauterine Device
27
Q

What are the clinical features of hypoglycaemia?

A

Hunger, trembling, sweating, anxiety, fast pulse palpitations, tingling of the lips, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, confusion, loss of consciousness and seizures

28
Q

What are the clinical features of hyperglycaemia?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, headaches, tiredness, lethargy, blurry vision

29
Q

What are the clinical features of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Severe dehydration, frequent vomiting, abdominal pain, polyuria, flushed cheeks, hyperventilation, ketotic breath, progressive loss of consciousness, shock

Phase 3a (5 decks)

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