General Physiology Review

Question 1

You order a blood test. When you receive the lab report there is a note that the blood was lysed when it was drawn. Which of the following readings could be erroneously (incorrectly) elevated?

Answer 1

Potassium because you have high potassium inside the cells, and if the RBCs are all lysed, then you will have a high potassium level just floating around

Question 2

Which of the following would require energy?
A) Na into cell
B) glucose into cell
C) K into cell
D) chloride into cell

Answer 2

Potassium into cell (c)

Question 3

Sodium, chloride, and bicarb are where primarily?

Answer 3

ECF

Question 4

Would lysing RBCs have an affect on the extracellular concentration of:

1) sodium
2) potassium
3) chloride
4) bicarb

Answer 4

1) no
2) yes!
3) no
4) no

Question 5

If we open up a sodium channel on the cell membrane, which way does it flow?

Answer 5

Into the cell

Question 6

How often do cells need glucose?

Answer 6

All the time. They are pretty much starved for it at all times. Therefore, it won’t really need energy to get into the cells

Question 7

Where is there a lot of chloride?

Answer 7

ECF (outside the cell)

Question 8

What would cause the membrane potential to become more negative?

Answer 8

Closure of sodium leak channel

Question 9

What would closing of a potassium leak channel do to the cell?

Answer 9

Trapping positive charge (potassium) inside cell, making it more positive

Question 10

What would closing of a chloride leak channel do to the cell?

Answer 10

Chloride wants to move into cell, adding negative charges, making membrane potential more negative if it is open; if it is closed, it will be less negative b/c we are stopping the addition of negative charges

Question 11

What would closing of an aquaporin channel do to the cell?

Answer 11

Won’t move water..who cares?

Question 12

What would closing of a sodium leak channel do to the cell?

Answer 12

Sodium moves into the cell, adding positive charges into the cell, making it more positive; if this is closed, it would make it more negative

Question 13

Closure of what channel is very important in phototransduction?

Answer 13

Sodium channel

Question 14

Which junction is the most restsrictive celllular junction?

Answer 14

Tight junction

Question 15

What makes up gap junctions?

Answer 15

6 connexins

Question 16

Where are gap junctions found?

Answer 16

Smooth muscle
(Where you have to have very coordinated movement)
Vascular muscle (bladder, gut)

Question 17

Are gap junctions chemical or electrical junctions?

Answer 17

Electrical

Question 18

Structural spot-welds for support

Answer 18

Anchoring junctions

Question 19

Cell-to-cell anchoring junctions

Answer 19

Desmosomes

Question 20

Cell to ECM anchoring junctions

Answer 20

Hemidesmosomes

Question 21

Areas where tight junctions are found

Answer 21

Eye, brain, testes

Question 22

Junction where cell membranes touch, and are super restrictive, where most movement is transcellular

Answer 22

Zonula occluden

Question 23

Where are zonula occludens found?

Answer 23

Blood-brain barrier

Question 24

Junction where the space between cellular membranes varies and filtration can occur

Answer 24

Zonula adherens

Question 25

Where are zonula adherens found?

Answer 25

Kidney, blood vessels

Question 26

During aqueous humor production, sodium is actively pumped into the anterior chamber. What occurs due to this?

Answer 26

-Water follows through aquaporins (Na was pumped through tight junctions) -Potassium moves in opposite direction -Chloride follows through ion channels if it can -Bicarbonate follows through ion channels

Question 27

During urine production, glucose is actively pumped into the cell. What occurs due to this?

Answer 27

Create concentration difference of a molecule that cannot cross a membrane, generating osmotic pressure, pulling water with it

Question 28

Administration of a(n) _____ will increase aqueous humor production

Answer 28

Beta 2 agonist

Question 29

Role of alpha 1 receptors

Answer 29

Pupil dilation

Question 30

Are alpha receptors sympathetics or parasympathetics?

Answer 30

Sympathetics

Question 31

Role of alpha 2 receptors

Answer 31

Reduce aqueous humor formation by reducing B2 release

Question 32

What can you give pt's who have some open angle glaucoma in order to reduce production of aqueous humor

Answer 32

Beta blockers

Question 33

Role of beta 2 receptors

Answer 33

- Ciliary relaxation for distance | - Increase aqueous humor production

Question 34

Are beta 2 receptors in the eye sympathetics or parasympathetics?

Answer 34

Sympathetics