General physiology (powerpoint) - DONE

Question 1

Homeostasis means?

Answer 1

Homeostasis means capability to regulate parameters of the internal environment.

Question 2

Proteostasis of the cells:

Answer 2

• role of gene expression

- protein-protein interaction (posttranslatory modification as a shorter method of protein function regulation).

Question 3

Basic cellular organs:

Answer 3

• nucleus
• endoplasmic reticulum
• golgi apparatus
• ribosomes
• miochondria
• lysosomes
• peroxisomes
• proteasomes
• storage vesicles

Question 4

Osmotic pressure

Answer 4

The pressure acting on the membrane, related to volume imbalance on both sides of the membrane, is called osmotic pressure.

Question 5

Osmole

Answer 5

Osmole is a substance solved in water, to which cell membrane is impermeable while being at the same time permeable to water

Question 6

Osmolality, or “osmotic strength” of a solution:

Answer 6

Osmolality, or “osmotic strength” of a solution is a concentration of all osmoses combined (in moles per 1 kg of water).

Question 7

Most osmoses may include:

Answer 7

• electrolytes
• glucose
• other carbohydrates
• proteins

Question 8

Hypoosmotic enviroment

Answer 8

In hypoosmotic enviroment, there is a tendency to entry of water into the cell, which can increase cell volume and - in extreme cases - rupture the cell membrane

Question 9

Hyperosmotic =

Answer 9

of smaller concentration of water (i.e. greater concentration of osmoles, greater osmolality)

Question 10

Significance of ion channels:

Answer 10

• for cell excitability
• for resting potential
• many differences in composition between ICF vs ECF.

Question 11

Cell membrane proteins:

Answer 11

• ion channels
• receptors
• intercellular adhesion molecules
• carrier proteins for facilitated diffusion
• symporter and antiporter proteins
• primary active transporters
• aquaporins

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient whenever the cell membrane is impermeable for solutes

Question 13

Solutes

Answer 13

substances dissolved in that water

Question 14

Simple diffusion

Answer 14

• refers to substances, to which cell membranes are unconditionally permeable (lipid-soluble substances)
• examples of such substances include: oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones.

Question 15

Facilitated diffusion =

Answer 15

Carrier-mediated transport

Question 16

Facilitated diffusion (carrier-mediated transport):

Answer 16

read about it slide #15

Question 17

Secondary active transport:

Answer 17

• transports substances against their concentration gradient
• does not use ATP directly
• but uses sodium concentration gradient (created by ATPases) as a driving force
• symport or antiport

Question 18

It is called symport when:

Answer 18

all substances are transported in the same direction (e.g. glucose + sodium into the cell)

Question 19

It is called antiport (or exchanger):

Answer 19

if not all substances are transported in the same direction (e.g. sodium/calcium exchanger in the heart muscle cells)

Question 20

Primary active transport

Answer 20

• require energy use (ATP)

- transports substances against their concentration gradient

Question 21

Example of primary active transport and how it works:

Answer 21

sodium-potassium pump:

• its activity accounts for differences of ion concentration in ICF vs ECF
• its activity contributes to resting potential of cell membranes (because it´s electrogenic)
• its activity allows secondary active transport by generating sodium concentration gradient (through cell membrane) as a driving force for secondary active transport.

Question 22

ICF=

Answer 22

intracellular fluid

Question 23

ECF=

Answer 23

extracellular fluid

Question 24

Read about

Answer 24

slide 1-9

Question 25

Sensory system

Answer 25

detects alterations in significant parameters (e.g. external temperature, nutrient availability)

Question 26

Motor system

Answer 26

allows reaction to the alterations detected by sensory system, to maintain homeostasis (seek for food when hungry, seek for warmth when cold etc.)

Question 27

Circulatory system

Answer 27

supports the blood with oxygen (pulmonary circulation) and then - tissues with oxygenated blood and nutrients.