General Physiology Exam I

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

What does it look like? Form.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

How doe it work? Function.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

maintenance of internal environment

Question 4

Control Theory

Answer 4

a control center senses when a physiological condition is out of balance and stimulates an effector organ to return the condition to the normal, optimal level

Question 5

Acute response

Answer 5

temporary, immediate physiological adjustment; ex: movement, inflammation, cell stress response, adjust ventilation/heart rate

Question 6

Acclimatization

Answer 6

plasticity; reversible physiological adjustment over several days; chainge in gene expression, not sequence; ex: adjust makeup of cell membrane, adjust metabolic rate, adjust lung capacity, tanning

Question 7

Adaptation

Answer 7

permanent physiological adjustments over evolutionary time; only occurs between generations; non-reversable; present in DNA sequence

Question 8

Acclimatization vs Adaptation

Answer 8

can share mechanisms; acclimation can maintain a species long enough for genetic adaptation to occur

Question 9

nucleus

Answer 9

contains genetic material (DNA)

Question 10

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

protein and lipid synthesis

Question 11

golgi complex

Answer 11

modification, sorting, and packaging of ER products

Question 12

vesicles

Answer 12

intracellular transport

Question 13

lysosomes

Answer 13

intracellular digestion

Question 14

mitochondria

Answer 14

oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis)

Question 15

cytosol

Answer 15

glycolysis, protein synthesis

Question 16

genes

Answer 16

unit of expression of DNA

Question 17

gene expression

Answer 17

the process of turning DNA into a protein (transcription and translation)

Question 18

exons

Answer 18

gene consisting of coding sequences

Question 19

introns

Answer 19

non-coding sequences

Question 20

golgi cis and trans

Answer 20

the cis face is where synthesized proteins and lipids pinch off from the ER and are transported to the golgi complex; modification of ER products includes post-translational modifications of proteins which are then pinched off from the trans face to other organelles or the plasma membrane.

Question 21

regulation of gene expression

Answer 21

1. regulation of transcription; 2. RNA modification; 3. mRNA export; 4. mRNA degredation; 5. translation; 6. modification and sorting; 7. protein degredation; 8. protein activation state

Question 22

Michaelis-Menton Kinetics

Answer 22

velocity of the reation is proportional to substrate concentration

Question 23

Michaelis constant (Km)

Answer 23

a measure of enzyme substrate affinity; Km is substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

Question 24

enzyme flux

Answer 24

overall rate of reaction in a pathway