General Physiology Exam I Flashcards
Anatomy
What does it look like? Form.
Physiology
How doe it work? Function.
Homeostasis
maintenance of internal environment
Control Theory
a control center senses when a physiological condition is out of balance and stimulates an effector organ to return the condition to the normal, optimal level
Acute response
temporary, immediate physiological adjustment; ex: movement, inflammation, cell stress response, adjust ventilation/heart rate
Acclimatization
plasticity; reversible physiological adjustment over several days; chainge in gene expression, not sequence; ex: adjust makeup of cell membrane, adjust metabolic rate, adjust lung capacity, tanning
Adaptation
permanent physiological adjustments over evolutionary time; only occurs between generations; non-reversable; present in DNA sequence
Acclimatization vs Adaptation
can share mechanisms; acclimation can maintain a species long enough for genetic adaptation to occur
nucleus
contains genetic material (DNA)
endoplasmic reticulum
protein and lipid synthesis
golgi complex
modification, sorting, and packaging of ER products
vesicles
intracellular transport
lysosomes
intracellular digestion
mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis)
cytosol
glycolysis, protein synthesis
genes
unit of expression of DNA
gene expression
the process of turning DNA into a protein (transcription and translation)
exons
gene consisting of coding sequences
introns
non-coding sequences
golgi cis and trans
the cis face is where synthesized proteins and lipids pinch off from the ER and are transported to the golgi complex; modification of ER products includes post-translational modifications of proteins which are then pinched off from the trans face to other organelles or the plasma membrane.
regulation of gene expression
- regulation of transcription; 2. RNA modification; 3. mRNA export; 4. mRNA degredation; 5. translation; 6. modification and sorting; 7. protein degredation; 8. protein activation state
Michaelis-Menton Kinetics
velocity of the reation is proportional to substrate concentration
Michaelis constant (Km)
a measure of enzyme substrate affinity; Km is substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax
enzyme flux
overall rate of reaction in a pathway
