General physiology

Question 1

alpha 1 receptors

Answer 1

vasoconstriction

Question 2

beta 2 receptors

Answer 2

vasodiliation (mediated by adrenaline)

Question 3

noradrenaline

Answer 3

vasoconsitction vis alpha 1 receptors

Question 4

angiotensie II

Answer 4

vasocontrsiction

Question 5

histamin and bradykinin

Answer 5

vasodilation

Question 6

cAMP type messengers / hormona

Answer 6

Epinephrine
acetylcholine
actch
fsh/lh
CRH
pth
tsh

Question 7

blood pressure

Answer 7

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

Question 8

cardiac output

Answer 8

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 9

neuronal control of blood

Answer 9

mediated by sympathetic systemt

Question 10

oxygen-haemoglobin dissociated curve

Answer 10

sigmoid shape

Question 11

what increases dissociation

Answer 11

 Increased dissociation (curve moves right):
 CO2 rise
 Temperature rise
 pH decreased (hydrogen ion rise)
 Increased 2,3-DPG

Question 12

haemoglobin

Answer 12

HbA two alpha and two beta cahins

Question 13

anterior pituiatary gland

Answer 13

produceds FHS, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH, STH

Question 14

posterior pituitary gland

Answer 14

produces ADH and oxytocin

Question 15

TSH

Answer 15

is a glycoprotien produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 16

where is thyroglobulin stored

Answer 16

in follicular cell

Question 17

what is T3 bound to

Answer 17

thyroid binding globulin (80%)

Question 18

where is insulin produecd

Answer 18

beta cells of the islets of langerhans

Question 19

where is glucagon produced

Answer 19

alpha cells of the islets of langerhans

Question 20

parathyroid hormon

Answer 20

peptide homrone
prodcedu in response to hypocalcamia

Question 21

corticosteroids

Answer 21

produced diurnally

Question 22

catecholamines

Answer 22

synthesized from tyrosine in the pre-synaptic nerve terminal
stimulates post-synaptic adrenoreceptors
e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline

Question 23

ADH

Answer 23

increases permeability of colelcting ducts to water

Question 24

RAAS

Answer 24

angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I (by renin)
angiotensin I –> angiotensin II (by ACE)
angiotension II –> vasocontrsiction, stimulates adrenal gland to produced aldoseroine

Question 25

post-synaptic potentials

Answer 25

spread through muscles via the transvere tubular systome
extensio of sarcomlemma

Question 26

resting membrane potential

Answer 26

-90mV
due to potassium

Question 27

A alpha sensory fibres

Answer 27

muscle spindle afferents and skeletal muscles efferents

Question 28

A gamma fibres

Answer 28

intrafusal fibres of muscle spindles

Question 29

A-beta (type 2)

Answer 29

mechanorectoprsA

Question 30

A-delta type III fibres

Answer 30

mechanical fast nociceptors

Question 31

C type IV fibres

Answer 31

polymodal slow nociceptors

Question 32

all sensory fibres

Answer 32

enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root with cell bodies lying just before it in the dorsal root ganglia

Question 33

light touch

Answer 33

meissner’s corpuscles
merkel discs

Question 34

pressure, mechnicanical, deformation, vibration

Answer 34

pacinian corpulseces and ruffinis endings

Question 35

corneal epithelium

Answer 35

low Na
high K

Question 36

conreal stroma

Answer 36

high Na
low K

Question 37

aquous

Answer 37

high chloride, lactate and ascrobate
low bicard, glucose, calcium and protein

Question 38

lens

Answer 38

high glutathione (for free radicuals)

Question 39

glycoaminoglycans

Answer 39

form proteoglycans when combined with proteins

Question 40

retina vulnerable to free radicals due to

Answer 40

• rod outer segments have high polyunsaturated fat content
• rod inner segments are rich in mitochondira which can leak ROIs

Question 41

RPE antioxidants

Answer 41

melanin (light trap)
selenium (needed for glutatahione perioxidae)
vitamen E - scavengers