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Ocular Phys Block 9 > General Phys Review > Flashcards

General Phys Review Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid inside the cells of the body

A

ICF

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2
Q

What is the ICF maintained by

A

The cell membrane

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3
Q

Fluid outside the cells

A

ECF

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4
Q

_____ is split into two compartments by the capillary wall

A

ECF

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5
Q

Fluid around the cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Fluid portion of blood

A

Plasma

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7
Q

How is the composition of ICF different

A

Increased K, protein, magnesium, phosphate

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8
Q

What kind of transport has no energy and uses a gradient

A

Passive

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9
Q

What are the different types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Facilitated difusion
Osmosis

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10
Q

What kind of passive transport uses aquaporins, but doesn’t have to

A

Osmosis

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11
Q

What kind of transport goes against gradient and requires an enzyme and energy

A

Active transport

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12
Q

What is an ion channel specific to

A

Ionic size and charge

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13
Q

Size exclusion of ion channels

A

A sodium channel can exclude a calcium/potassium ions due to different molecule size

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14
Q

Charge exclusion of ion channels

A

Interior of channel will be lined with charged amino acids, will prevent like ions from crossing

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15
Q

Ion channels: leaky channels

A

Always open, some K+ channels and CL- channels

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16
Q

Ion channels: gated channels

A

Closed until stimulus opens

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17
Q

What kind of channels are ligand, second messenger, voltage, mechanical, light

A

Gated ion channels

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18
Q

What is the most common leak channel

A

K+

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19
Q

What direction does Na move if the channel is open

A

In

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20
Q

What direction does K move is channel is open

A

Out

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21
Q

What kind of channel remains closed until proper ligand binds?

A

Ligand gated

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22
Q

This typed of channel is fast to elicit cellular response

A

Ligand gated channel

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23
Q

Remains open as long as 2nd messenger is around, closes when removed

A

2nd messenger gated

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24
Q

This type of channel is slower to cause a response, but more diverse effect

A

Second messenger gated

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25
Q

How voltage gated channels work

A
  • remain closed until membrane potential reaches specific value
  • remains open depending on the membrane potential and channel properties
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26
Q

Charge difference across cell membranes due to concentration gradients of ions

A

Resting membrane potential

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27
Q

Inside of cell is considered ______ compared to outside

A

Negative

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28
Q

What is the RMP of cell

A

From -20 to -100mV

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29
Q

What kind of tissue can rapidly change the RMP to send signals and start contraction

A

Excitable tissu such as muscle and nerve

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30
Q

What changes RMP the most

A

K+

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31
Q

Charge of ECF

A

+

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32
Q

Charge of ICF

A

Negative

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33
Q

What is a major contributor to the RMP?

A

K+ current through leak channels

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34
Q

What is RMP maintinaed by

A

K+ leak channels

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35
Q

What is necessary for RMP

A

Na-K ATPase. Three Na+ out for two in makes inside more negative
-also maintains a large K+ gradient so small flux can occur and generate the RMP

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36
Q

Action potential run through

A
  • rest: negative RMP, K+ flux through leak channels
  • local depolarization: stimulation occurs-ligand gated Na channels
  • threshold: Nav channels open
  • overshoot: Na+ flux
  • repolarization: Na+ slows, K+ rises
  • hyperpolarization: Na+ slows, K+ rises
  • at rest: RMP is re-attained due to K+ leak
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37
Q

Site of communication from one cell to another

A

Synapses

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38
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Gap junctions

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39
Q

What are the most common type of synapses

A

Chemical synapse

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40
Q

Direct connections between cells which allows ions to flow between

A

Electrical synapses

41
Q

Creates a syncytium ( bunch of cells acting like one cell)

A

Electrical synapses

42
Q

What areas have electrical synapses

A

Heart, smooth muscle, bladder, where coordinated contraction is required

43
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potentials

A

Depolarize cell

  • usually the result of opening Na+ or Ca+ channels or closing K+ channels
  • glutamate
44
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

A

Hyperpolarize cell

  • usually the result of opening Cl- or K+ channels or closing a Na+/Ca+ channel
  • GABA and glycine (and sometimes glutamate)
45
Q

What is the NT effect based on

A

Receptor

46
Q

What are the two types of receptors

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

47
Q

This receptor binds channel and opens, faster and fewer response

A

Ionotropic

48
Q

Receptor is an ion channel

A

Ionotropic receptors

49
Q

Opening and closing depend on binding of ligand

A

Ionotropic receptors

50
Q

Examples of ionotropic receptors in the eye

A

Retinal glutamate receptors are a Na+/Ca2+ channel

51
Q

Receptors are coupled to an intracellular protein

A

Metabotropic receptors

52
Q

How do metabotropic receptors work

A

Ligand binding activated intracellular protein to alter intracellular 2nd messenger levels
-retinal glutamate receptors are a Gi coupled receptor

53
Q

What are the 3 main types of metabotropic receptors

A

Gs
Gi
Gq

54
Q

Stimulates adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP levels

A

Gs

55
Q

Inhibits adenylate cyclase, reduces cAMP levels

A

Gi

56
Q

Stimulates phospholipase C, gerenates IP3, increases Ca2+ levels

A

Gq

57
Q

What is the special type of metabotropic receptor

A

Gt: in the eye, acts like Gi, but affects cGMP

58
Q

What part of ANS generally speeds things up

A

Sympathetic

59
Q

What part of the ANS generally slows

A

Parasympathetic

60
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system actually decrease

A

Gut motility

61
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system actually increase

A

Gut motility

62
Q

What NT and receptor is present in all autonomic preganglionic synapses

A

Acetyl choline and nocotinic

63
Q

What NT and receptor is in all parasympathetic post ganglionic synapses

A

Acetyl choline and muscarinic

64
Q

What is the main NT and receptor in sympathetic postganglionic synapses

A

NE and alpha 1

65
Q

What is the main receptor and NT in the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous systme

A

Epinephrine and B receptors

66
Q

What is the NT and receptor in they postganglionic somatic (muscles) nervous system

A

Acetyl choline and nicotinic

67
Q

Alpha sympathetic receptors in the eye

A

A1-pupil dilation

A2-reduce aqueous humor formation by reducing B2 release

68
Q

Beta receptors (symp) of the eye

A

Beta 2-ciliary relaxation for distance, increases aqueous humor production

69
Q

Parasympathetic receptors in the eye

A
  • pupil constriction
  • ciliary contraction for near
  • increase aqueous drainage/ reduce production
  • lacrimal secretion
70
Q

What are gap junctions made of

A

6 connexins

71
Q

What are gap junctions used for

A

Electrical/communication connection, litttle structural support
-just a communication bridge for smooth muscles to create a syncytium

72
Q

What kind of cellular junctions are structural spot welds

A

Anchoring junctions

73
Q

Cell-to-cell anchoring junctions

A

Desmosomes

74
Q

Cell-to-ECM anchoring junctions

A

Hemidesmosomes

75
Q

These types of cellular junctions make sheets of cells

A

Tight junctions

76
Q

What is the tightest cellular junction

A

Tight junctions

77
Q

Permeability of tigh junctions

A

Depends on how tight the cells are held together

78
Q

What are common areas of tight junctions

A

Brain eye testes

79
Q

What are two common types of tight junctions

A

Zonula occludens

Zonula adherens

80
Q

In this type of tight junction, the cell membranes touch each other and it is very restrictive. Most movement is transcellular, requiring a protein transporter or ion channels

A

Zonula occludens

81
Q

What is a common zonula occludens

A

Blood brain barrier

82
Q

This type of tight junction has has a space between the cell membranes. Filtration can occur even though it is still relatively restrictive

A

Zonula adherens

83
Q

Where are zonula adherens found

A

Kidney, blood vessels

84
Q

What kind of ultrafiltration forces favor filtration

A

Cap pressure, interstitial osmotic pressure

85
Q

What ultrafiltration forces favor reabsoprtion

A

Plasma osmotic pressure nad interstitial fluid pressure

86
Q

Filtration

A

Kf*net filtration pressure

  • Kf-filtration coefficient, similar to diffusion coefficient
  • how permeable the caps are
87
Q

Composition of ICF

A

K-, phosphate

88
Q

Composition of ECF

A

Na+, chloride

89
Q

Plasma composition

A

Proteins

90
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion, high to low

91
Q

Active transport

A

Low to high, can move 2 thing, use ATP and enzymes.

92
Q

Example of primary active transporter

A

Na/K transporter

93
Q

Secondary active transporter

A

Glucose transporter

94
Q

You order a blood test, when you receive the lab report, there is a note that the blood was listed when it was drawn. Which of the following readings could be erroneously elevated

A

Potassium

95
Q

Which of the following would require energy

A

Movement of potassium into the cell

96
Q

Which of the following would cause the membrane potential to become more negative

A

Closure of sodium leak channels

97
Q

Which of the following is the most restrictive cellular junction

A

Tight junction

98
Q

During aqueous humor production sodium is actively pumped into the anterior chamber. Which of the following will occur due to this

A

Water follows through aquaporins

99
Q

Administration of a _______ will increase aqueous humor production

A

Beta 2 agonist

Ocular Phys Block 9 (5 decks)

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