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General Pharmacology Flashcards

0
Q

Zidovudine

A

HIV therapy

Nucleoside analog of thymidine that acts as potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)

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1
Q

Oseltamivir

A

Influenza therapy

Inhibitor of influenza A and B neuraminidase

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2
Q

Ribavirin

A

Hepatitis C therapy

Viral RNA polymerase inhibitor

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3
Q

Trifluridine

A

Antiherpes virus agent: tx of HSK

DNA polymerase inhibitor

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4
Q

Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir

A

Antiherpes agents: HSV-1, HSV-2, Zoster, HZO, active HSV keratitis, prophylactic for HSV keratitis

DNA polymerase inhibitor

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5
Q

Ganciclovir

A

Antiherpes agent: topical use for HSV keratitis, intraocular sustained release for CMV retinitis

DNA polymerase inhibitor, improved efficacy and less toxicity vs Trifluridine

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6
Q

Foscarnet

A

Antiherpes agent: IV tx of CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails; tx acyclovir-resistant HSV infections in AIDS pts

DNA polymerase inhibitor

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7
Q

Natamycin

A

Antifungal: fungal blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis

Binds ergosterol of fungi and forms pores leading to cell death

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8
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Antifungal: fungal keratitis in topical; systemic and intraocular infections with IV

Binds ergosterol of fungi and forms pores leading to cell death

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9
Q

Nystatin

A

Antifungal: Candida oral (thrush) and vaginal (yeast) infections; not for ophthalmic use

Binds ergosterol of fungi and forms pores leading to cell death

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10
Q

Ketoconazole

A

First oral azole antifungal

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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11
Q

Fluconazole

A

Antifungal: oral, topical, subconj

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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12
Q

Miconazole

A

Antifungal agent

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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13
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Antifungal agent for scalp and skin

Inhibits fungal mitosis by interacting with microtubule formation during cell wall development

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14
Q

Kwell

A

Antiparasitic: tx of lice and scabies

Lipophilic structure absorbed through exoskeleton of insects, resulting in seizure and death

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15
Q

Triamcinolone

A

Steroid; ocular formulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema, Graves orbitopathy, posterior uveitis, chalazion, CME after cataract surgery; systemic: dermatoses, asthma, MS, arthritis

Inhibit phospholipase A2

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16
Q

Aspirin

A

NSAID

Salicylate that inhibits prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis by acting as an irreversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor

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17
Q

Indomethacin

A

NSAID

Reversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor

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18
Q

Naproxen

A

NSAID

Reversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor

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19
Q

Naproxen Sodium

A

NSAID

Reversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor

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20
Q

Misoprostol

A

Synthetic prostaglandin E1- chemically similar to PGE2 (stomach protection from NSAIDS ulcers)

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21
Q

Celecoxib

A

NSAID

Selective COX2 inhibitor

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22
Q

Pseudoephedrine

A

Cold medication for nasal congestion sxs

Nonspecific alpha and beta adrenergic agonist

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23
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

First generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): sedation & anticholinergic effects

Blocks the histamine-H1 receptor interaction

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24
Chlorpheniramine maleate
First generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): sedation & anticholinergic effects Blocks the histamine-H1 receptor interaction
25
Brompheniramine
First generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): sedation & anticholinergic effects Blocks the histamine-H1 receptor interaction
26
Promethazine
First generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): sedation & anticholinergic effects Recall added SEs due to similar structure as Phenothiazine Blocks the histamine-H1 receptor interaction
27
Loratidine
Second generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): chronic uticaria & rhinitis H1 receptor blocker
28
Fexofenadine
Second generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): chronic uticaria & rhinitis H1 receptor blocker
29
Cetirizine
Second generation antihistamine (H1 blocker): chronic uticaria & rhinitis Added SE of oculogyric crisis H1 receptor blocker
30
Cimetidine
GI med Binds H2 receptor on gastric parietal cells preventing histamine stimulation of gastric acid (HCl) secretion SEs: gynecomastia & loss of libido
31
Ranitidine
GI med Binds H2 receptor on gastric parietal cells preventing histamine stimulation of gastric acid (HCl) secretion
32
Famotidine
GI med Binds H2 receptor on gastric parietal cells preventing histamine stimulation of gastric acid (HCl) secretion
33
Omeprazole
GI med: proton pump inhibitor Inhibit H+/K+ ATPase (proton) pump
34
Esomeprazole
GI med: proton pump inhibitor Inhibit H+/K+ ATPase (proton) pump
35
Sucralfate
GI med: gastric lining protector Forms paste-like substance by binding positively charged proteins in stomach and adheres to damaged ulcer tissue
36
Sulfonamides
Inhibitors of folate synthesis Inhibitor dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme used in the first step of folic acid synthesis
37
Trimethoprim
Inhibitor of folate synthesis Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme used in the second step of folic acid synthesis
38
Pyrimethamine
Inhibitor of folate synthesis Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme used in the second step of folic acid synthesis
39
Bacitracin
Cell wall synthesis blocker Stops bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transfer of mucopeptides (peptidoglycans) into growing cell wall
40
Penicillins
Cell wall synthesis blockers Transpeptidase inhibitors
41
Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis blockers Transpeptidase inhibitors
42
Aminoglycosides
Blockers of protein synthesis at 30S subunit
43
Tetracyclines
Blockers of protein synthesis at 30S subunit Prevent access of aminoacyl tRNA
44
Chloramphenicol
Blockers of protein synthesis at 50S subunit
45
Macrolides
Blockers of protein synthesis at 50S subunit
46
Lincomycin | Clindamycin
Blockers of protein synthesis at 50S subunit
47
Rifampin
TB med Prevents mRNA synthesis (transcription) by binding to the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
48
Isoniazid
TB med Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and thereby prevents cell wall synthesis
49
Ethambutol
TB med Inhibits arabinosyl transferase, thereby inhibiting sybergs is of mycobacterial cell wall
50
Piroxicam
NSAIDS Reversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor
51
Salmeterol
Bronchodilator for COPD and asthma maintenance therapy Long-acting B2 agonist
52
Albuterol
Bronchodilator for asthma and COPD rescue inhaler Short-acting B2 agonist
53
Levalbuterol
Bronchodilator for asthma and COPD rescue inhaler Short-acting B2 agonist
54
Terbutaline
Bronchodilator for asthma and COPD rescue inhaler Short-acting B2 agonist
55
Metaproterenol
Bronchodilator: No longer recommended for asthma therapy due to excessive cardiovascular effects from B1 stimulation Short-acting B2 agonist
56
Isoproterenol
Bronchodilator for tx of arrhythmias via B1 stimulation Nonspecific beta agonist
57
Ipratropium
Blocks muscarinic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby inhibiting bronchoconstriction
58
Zafirlukast
Respiratory agent approved for asthma and bronchoconstriction Leukotriene receptor antagonist
59
Montelukast
Respiratory agent approved for asthma and bronchoconstriction (& rhinitis) Leukotriene receptor antagonist
60
Theophylline
Respiratory agent Inhibits phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP and increases epinephrine release
61
Acetylcysteine
Mucolytic agent that breaks disulfide bonds in proteins of mucous to reduce viscosity Topical: filamentary keratitis, DE, corneal burns
62
Methotrexate
Immunosuppressant medication Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (like Trimethoprim) which inhibits DNA synthesis
63
Cyclosporine
Immunosuppressant: Prevents rejection of organ transplants Inhibits release and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), which is responsible for T lymphocyte activation
64
Azathioprine
Immunosuppressant: RA and prevention of kidney transplant rejection Purine analog that inserts into DNA and RNA and stops replication
65
Tamoxifen
Treatment of breast cancer A competitive partial agonist inhibitor of estradiol which inhibits estrogen effects at the breast
66
Acetaminophen
Non-opiate analgesic; also antipyretic MOA not completely understood
67
Cyclobenzaprine
Non-opiate analgesic; tx muscle spasms Decreases somatic (voluntary) motor activity through inhibiting tonic activity of alpha and gamma motor neurons
68
Tramadol
Non-opiate analgesic Agonist at Mu opiate receptor; inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine uptake within ascending pain pathways
69
Meperidine
Opiate analgesic, addictive properties Agonist at Mu, Kappa and Delta (opiate) receptors
70
Oxycodone
Opiate analgesic, addictive properties Agonist at Mu, Kappa and Delta (opiate) receptors
71
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist used to reverse effects of opiates
72
Sumatriptan
Migraine therapy 5-HT 1B and 1D (serotonin subtype 1B and 1D) receptor agonist; causes vasoconstriction of cranial arteries
73
Chlorpromazine
Phenothiazine antipsychotic Dopamine receptor antagonist
74
Thioridazine
Phenothiazine antipsychotic Dopamine receptor antagonist
75
Amantadine
Antiparkinsonian med Potentiates dopamine effects (either by blocking repute or augmenting release of dopamine) in the brain
76
Bromocriptine
Antiparkinsonian med; also tx pituitary adenoma Dopamine agonist
77
Methylphenidate
ADHD med; tx narcolepsy and depression Increase dopamine release
78
Dextroamphetamine
ADHD med; tx narcolepsy and depression Increase dopamine release
79
Donepezil
Dementia med to tx Alzheimer's CNS acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
80
Fluoxetine
SSRI antidepressant Inhibits serotonin repute from synaptic cleft in CNS
81
Amitriptyline
Tricylic antidepressant Inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake
82
Imipramine
Tricylic antidepressant Inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake
83
Phenelzine
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant Inhibits MAO, the enzyme responsible for breaking down norepinephrine and serotonin
84
Diazepam
Anxiolytic; tx anxiety, panic attacks, alcohol withdrawal Benzodiazepine that binds GABA receptors and causes hyperpolarization of neurons in the CNS by opening chloride channel
85
Phenytoin
Anticonvulsant Acts on multiple neurotransmitters including norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA
86
Phenobarbital
Anticonvulsant; used for seizures and sedation Reduces excitatory transmission (glutamatergic) through the AMPA receptor blockade
87
Topiramate
Anticonvulsant; prevent seizures Multiple CNS effects
88
Insulin
Promotes formation and storage of glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides in liver, fat, muscle tissues Cell surface receptor causes activation of tyrosine kinase receptors and a phosphorylation cascade
89
Metformin
Biguanide oral agent for diabetes Decreases gluconeogenesis (liver glucose production) and increases glucose uptake; NO hypoglycemia
90
Glipizide
Sulfonylureas oral agent for diabetes Increases secretion of insulin by beta cells, decreases glucagon release, increases sensitivity to insulin
91
Glyburide
Sulfonylureas oral agent for diabetes Increases secretion of insulin by beta cells, decreases glucagon release, increases sensitivity to insulin
92
Chlorpropamide
Sulfonylureas oral agent for diabetes Increases secretion of insulin by beta cells, decreases glucagon release, increases sensitivity to insulin
93
Pioglitazone
Thiazolidinedione oral agent for diabetes Activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) to increase glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissue
94
Levothyroxine
Synthetic T4 hormone
95
Sildenafil
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ED drug Inhibit PDE-5 so cGMP is not broken down, leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in the penis
96
Vardenafil
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ED drug Inhibit PDE-5 so cGMP is not broken down, leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in the penis
97
Prazosin
Benign prostatic hypertrophy med (& HTN) Alpha 1 blocker, relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate to decrease urinary outflow obstruction
98
Terazosin
Benign prostatic hypertrophy med (& HTN) Alpha 1 blocker, relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate to decrease urinary outflow obstruction
99
Tamsulosin
Benign prostatic hypertrophy med Alpha 1 blocker, relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate to decrease urinary outflow obstruction
100
Lisinopril
AntiHTN Prevent formation of angiotensin II in inhibiting ACE, block metabolism of bradykinins (vasodilation)
101
Benazepril
AntiHTN Prevent formation of angiotensin II in inhibiting ACE, blocks metabolism of bradykinins (vasodilation)
102
Enalapril
AntiHTN Prevent formation of angiotensin II in inhibiting ACE, blocks metabolism of bradykinins (vasodilation)
103
Captopril
AntiHTN Prevent formation of angiotensin II in inhibiting ACE, blocks metabolism of bradykinins (vasodilation)
104
Losartan
AntiHTN ( angiotensin II receptor antagonist) Inhibits angiotensin II contraction of vascular smooth muscle and stimulation of aldosterone secretion
105
Popranolol
AntiHTN Nonselective Beta 1 and Beta 2 adrenergic antagonist; also block renin release from kidneys
106
Labetalol
AntiHTN Nonselective Beta 1 and Beta 2 adrenergic antagonist; also block renin release from kidneys
107
Metoprolol
AntiHTN Selective Beta 1 blocker
108
Atenolol
AntiHTN Selective Beta 1 blocker
109
Nifedipine
AntiHTN calcium channel blocker Block L-type calcium channels causing a marked decrease in intracellular free calcium
110
Verapamil
AntiHTN calcium channel blocker Block L-type calcium channels causing a marked decrease in intracellular free calcium
111
Diltiazem
AntiHTN calcium channel blocker Block L-type calcium channels causing a marked decrease in intracellular free calcium
112
Furosemide
AntiHTN loop diuretic Inhibits Na/2Cl-/K+ co-transport in the thick ascending LOH, also increases Ca2+ secretion and causes LOH to lose Ca2+
113
Hydrochlorothiazide
AntiHTN thiazide diuretic Acts on early DCT and inhibits NaCl reabsorption and decreases Ca2+ excretion into the loop
114
Chlorothiazide
AntiHTN thiazide diuretic Acts on early DCT and inhibits NaCl reabsorption and decreases Ca2+ excretion into the loop
115
Spironolactone
AntiHTN potassium-sparing diuretic Blocks aldosterone's action at the late DCT and collecting duct thereby increasing the excretion of sodium and water and decreasing the passive secretion of K+
116
Triamterene
AntiHTN potassium-sparing diuretic Directly blocks ENaCs (epithelial sodium channels) in the late DCT and the late collecting ducts
117
Mannitol
AntiHTN osmotic diuretic Increases plasma osmolarity, drawing water out of eye, brain, kidney (entire nephron)
118
Clonidine
AntiHTN CNS alpha 2 agonist
119
Hydrazaline
AntiHTN Increases cGMP which results in smooth muscle relaxation
120
Digoxin
Agent for congestive heart failure Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase enzyme which normally pumps Na+ out and K+ in, which leads to increased intracellular Ca2+
121
Amiodarone
Antiarrhythmic med Blocks K+ channels (some Na+ and Ca2+ channels as well)
122
Warfarin
Anticoagulant Vitamin K antagonist, interfering with clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X that depend on K for synthesis
123
Clopidogret
Congestive heart failure agent Inhibits ADP receptor on platelet cell membrane needed for platelet aggregation and clot formation
124
Dipyridamole
Congestive heart failure agent Inhibits adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase, causing accumulation of cAMP and adenosine, which inhibits platelet aggregation and may cause vasodilation
125
Lovastatin
Antihyperlipidemic agent Inhibits HMG CoA reductase, an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of cholesterol
126
Simvastatin
Antihyperlipidemic agent Inhibits HMG CoA reductase, an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of cholesterol
127
Atorvastatin
Antihyperlipidemic agent Inhibits HMG CoA reductase, an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of cholesterol
128
Gemfibrozil
Fibric acid antihyperlipidemic agent Binds to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-alpha) and increases activity of lipoprotein lipase for breakdown of VLDL
129
Cholestyramine
Bile acid binding resin antihyperlipidemic agent Binds to bile acids in the intestine and prevents reabsorption
130
Isotrentinoin
Dermatologic med Reduces oil production from sebaceous glands and reduces size of the glands themselves
131
Metronidazole
Dermatologic med for acne rosacea Disrupts DNA and inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

General Pharmacology (1 decks)

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