General pharamacology introduction Flashcards
Dif of pharmacology
is since which deals with drugs
Dif of drug
its a chemical agents used for treatment of diseases or prevention of diseases
names of drugs?
1-chemical name
2- non-propitry name : genetic name referred to a scientist
3-propitry name : commercial name
explain the general pharmacology and its parts
-its consist of 2 parts :
1-pharmacodynamic : the effect of the drug on the body ( it has two parts :effect and mechanism)
2-pharmacokinetics : the effect of the body on the drug
it has 4 parts which is :
1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism
4-elimination
explain the pharmacodynamic dynamic
-Dif : its the effect of the drug on the body
—once the drug entering the body the drug goes to body control system which is the targets :
1-drug receptor. 2- ion channels
3-enzymes ( extra or intra cellular )
4-transport system ( carrier molecules )
explain the receptor and its types
-receptor: its protein micro-molecule embedded in the cell membrane has extra cellular level and intra cellular level
-if the drug bind to receptor called ligands , if the ligand activate the receptor will be called agonist , and if blocked or inhibit the receptor called antagonist
—-types of receptor:
1-ligand gated-ion channel :after binding of agonist or antagonist to ion channels receptor the transmembrane conductance of specific ion increased or decreased and that causing a change in vital activity of cell membrane
2-G protein couples receptor :they are located in cell membrane and they implement there responses through the second massinger and when agonist bind to it a further signal performed and change a number of enzymes in cell or coupled ion channel
3- enzyme linked receptor: usually has extra cellular domain for ligand which is cytokines
and intracellular domain which is
tyrosin kinase
4-receptor regulating gene transcription
receptor regulating gene transcription are termed nuclear receptor
some of them located in the cytoplasm and migrate to nucleus only after binding to ligand
what us the affinity ?
is the ability of substance to bind to a biological target resulting of formation of substance- receptor complex
what is the types of bonds between the drug and receptor?
1-hydrogen bond : like OH bond NH and its reversible
2-ionic bond : opposite charge attract each other , and its reversible
3-covalent bond : its sharing of atoms and becomes 1 unite and its irreversible
explain the Agonist
-agonist: its substance with affinity and intrinsic activity
- the agonist can reach maximum effect which can be expected from the medicinal agent and thats called = efficacy
-another term is the potency: which is determined by the concentration in which the substance produced 50% of the effect
— types of the agonist :
1-full agonist : its the ligand that bind to receptor and produce the maximum cellular response
2-partial agonist : its the ligand which bind to the receptor with internisc activity greater then 0 but less the 100%
— type of response in the agonist
1-graded response : its response proportionally related to the dose which mean increasing of the dose will lead to increase of response
2-quintal response :the response about all or non Ex the epilpicy and arethmeia 
explain the antagonist
-we have 2 types :
1- comparative antagonist : have affinity but no intrinsic activity ( blocker ) and bind at the same site of agonist
2- non-competitive antagonist : occurs when antagonist occupies which so called allosteric binding site in receptor
(micro molecule non receptor sites which regulate the receptor activity
what other types of antagonist?
1-chemical antagonist: ex mixing acidic drug with alkaline drug
2-physical antagonist: ex patient have a toxicity of (heparin ) which has negative charge so we give him ( protamine ) which has positive charge so they make complex and the body execrating them both
3-pharmacokinetics antagonist; ex if a patient has anemia and he take medicine for the anemia and then he took a medicine for stomach acid which is ( antacid ) the antacid prevent the absorption of iron which he needed for the anemia so this is a antagonism on level of the absorption
how drugs can effect:
1-ion channel
2-enzymes
3-carrie molecules ( transporter )
1- ion channels:
1-1 the drug block it physically
1-2 receptor ion channel
1-3 through g-proteins receptor activate it which lead to Camp open the ion channel
——-
2-enzymes:
2-1 the drug goes and bond with enzyme with reversible bond
2-2 irreversible bond like ( Organophosphate)
2-3 false substances: like Ldopa converted to be dopamine, so when the drug interact with the enzyme the enzyme false between the real L dopa and fake L dopa which is the the drug and prevent synthesis of dopamine
———
3- carrie molecules or transporter :
3-1 increase the carrier molecules or decrease it
explain the therapeutic index
-therapeutic index : is commonly used to quantify the therapeutic window
and its Ti = Td50 / Te50
-TD50 : its the dose that produces toxic effects of 50% of population
-Te50: its the dose that produces therapeutic effect of 50% of the population
what is the medication dose ?
its starting from up to down ( healthy to lethal )
1-threshold dose
2-mean therapeutic dose
3-maximum therapeutic dose
4-toxic dose
5- lethal dose
explain the pharmacokinetics: Absorption
DF : its the passage of the drug from site of administration to the plasma
— main site of administration:
1-oral. 2-sublingual 3-rectal 4-inhalation 5- injection
—- transmembrane movement of the drug :
1-simple diffusion: the most important method of drug absorption
2-filtration: important for drug excretion by kidney
simple and filtration also known as passive transfer
3-active transport
4-facilitated diffusion:
active and facilitated also known as carrier -mediated
5-pinocytosis: its active process which energy dependent in which the drug is engulfed inside the cell
pinocytosis and facilitated and active known as specialized transporter
