General Pest Flashcards
What is Toxicity?
a measure of how inherently poisonous a chemical is when inhaled, eaten, or absorbed though the skin of a living organism
Acute effects (toxicity)
Potential adverse effects from a chemical after a short exposure
What is LD50
Lethal dose of a compound needed to kill 50% of a population of test organisms. The higher the LD50, the lower the toxicity.
Chronic toxicity
The delayed adverse effects of doses over an extended period of time
What is on the head of an insect?
the eyes, antennae and mouthparts (eating and sensing)
What is on the thorax of an insect?
this is the middle segment containing legs and wings (movements)
What is on the abdomen of the insect
this is the 3rd and final segment containing sex organs, hairs or bristle like extensions called cerci (reproduction and digestion)
What type of skeleton do insects have
an Exoskeleton (a firm outer covering to which internal muscles are attached) made of Chitin.
What are antennae used for?
these are usually segmented sense organs. They are used for navigation, food location, communication, mate location, and in some cases grasping
what kind of mouthparts do immature lice have?
the same as their adult form, piercing-sucking mouthparts because they develop through incomplete metamorphosis
name the 6 types of adult insect mouth parts
- chewing (roaches, termites) 2. chewing-lapping (bees and wasps) 3. piercing-sucking (mosquitos, fleas, lice) 4. rasping-sucking (thrips only) 5. siphoning (moths, butterflies) 6. sponging (house flies, fruit flies)
What are spiracles?
2 small slit like openings on either side of the thorax in primitive insects like cockroaches. in other types of insects they are present on the abdomen. They are external openings to the respiratory system. How insects breathe
what are the male and female reproductive organs in insects
Males- claspers. Females-ovipositor. they may be present internally or externally and often distinguish species from one another
What is molting?
a process of getting rid of the outer layer of the exoskeleton and replacing it with a new one. This is how insects grow
Are all members of a species actively involved in reproduction?
no, many population of social insects (i.e. bees, ants termites) are predominantly non-reproductive females (workers) that only produce offspring under certain conditions
What is a CSI? (Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor)
a type of IGR that targets the chitin. Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor. chitin makes up 50% of the insects exoskeleton. These types of IGRs do NOT allow molting and the insect dies
Insect molt from one developmental stage to another. These developmental stages are called?
Instars. Only the final Instar can reproduce.
Define Ametabolous and give examples of insects who develop this way.
“Without Metamorphosis” silverfish and firebats. The different instars share similar traits.
Define Hemimetabolous and give examples of insects who develop this way
“Gradual Metamorphosis” cockroaches, termites, earwigs, crickets, bedbugs, and lice. 3 stages: Egg, Nymph and Adult. The different instars share similar traits but the adult form is more distinctive.
Define Holometabolous and give examples of insects who develop this way
“Complete Metamorphosis” flies, fleas, beetles, moths, ants, wasps and mosquitos. 4 distinct stages, egg, larvae, pupa and adult.
What is an arachnid (classification arachnida)?
2 body sections. cephalothorax (head and thorax joined together) and an abdomen. Spiders, Mites and Ticks fall in this category. They are NOT insects. Chelicerae mouth parts instead of mandibles.
What is an insect (classification insecta)?
3 distinct body regions. Head, thorax and abdomen
What are the 3 types of metamorphosis?
Ametabolous, Hemimetabolous, and Holometabolous
what is a biopestcide
A bacteria or virus, not synthetically derived, used to kill certain insects. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Mostly used in Agriculture and forestry
what are the 4 ways pesticides enter insects. Route of Entry
- Stomach poison (must be swallowed and usually is in the form of bait. 2. Contact pesticide (penetrates the body wall to cause death). 3. Fumigants (gassy pesticides that enter through inhalation) 4. Desiccant insecticides (dehydrates the pest by damaging the cuticle and its waxy, protective properties)
list the 3 main types of insecticide active ingredients
- Synthetic Organic Compounds. 2. Non-synthetic or biologically derived organic compounds. 3. Inorganic compounds
give examples of pesticides that are neonicotinoids
Premise Pre-Empt Advantage Imidaclopirid Thiamethoxam
Give examples of pesticides that are Fiproles
Termidor
Maxforce roach gel
Frontline
Fipronil
Give examples of pesticides that are Oxadiazine
Advion
Arilon
Indoxacarb
Give examples of IGRs
Precor Extinguish General Nyla Archer Methoprene Pyriporyxfen
Give examples of BPUs (chitin inhibitors)
Recruit Labyrinth Advance Program Novaluron
Give examples of Fumigants
Eco2Fume Methods Vikane Profume Sulfuryl Fluoride Methyl Bromide
What is an AI?
The chemical(s) in a product that are responsible of the pesticidal effect on the pest
Define Diluent
Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient.
Define Emulsifier
a chemical that aids in suspending one liquid in another
What is a Formulation?
the way in which active and inert ingredients are prepared for sale to the user
What is Emulsion?
A mixture in which one liquid is suspended as microscopic drops in another liquid, such as oil in water. When a concentrated pesticide active ingredient is dissolved in oil, and both are mixed with emulsifiers, they form emulsifiable concentrates. When emulsifiable concentrates are then mixed in water within a spray tank, they form an emulsion. Emulsions are typically milky in appearance
What are Inert ingredients?
The inert solid or liquid material added to an active ingredient to prepare a pesticide formulation.
What is a Propellant?
The chemicals - usually simple hydrocarbon gas, used to pressurize aerosol formulations.
Define Soluble ingredient
An ingredient that will dissolve in a liquid, where the liquid is called a solvent.
Define Spreader
A chemical that increases the area a given volume of liquid will cover on a solid or another liquid.
Define Sticker
A material added to a pesticide to increase adherence (especially to foliage of plants)
What is a Surfactant?
A chemical that increases the emulsifing, dispersing, or spreading and wetting properties of a pesticide product
Define Suspension
Finely divided solid particles mixed in a liquid (often because of the addition of a suspending agent) and remain suspended in the liquid for an extended period of time after shaking.
Define Wetting Agent
A chemical that causes a liquid to spread out, wet or contact surfaces more thoroughly.
What is an Adjuvant
A non pesticide added to a pesticide to increase its performance.
When are cockroaches most active?
Cockroaches are most active at night when they forage for food, water and search for mates
What is the preferred environment for cockroaches?
Cockroaches prefer a moist environment that has a relatively high degree of warmth. They like crack and crevices in homes that are warm. They are not social and gather food for themselves
What do cockroaches generally eat?
they really like starches, sweets, grease and meat. They will also eat things like cheese, beer, leather, bakery items, starch in book bindings, glues, hair, flakes of dried skin, and dead animals (even other roaches) and plant material
what kind of metamorphosis do cockroaches go through and what are the stages?
gradual or “Hemimetabolous” and it has 3 stages: egg, nymph and adult
Which cockroach is the most common in the US?
German cockroach. considered the most “economically important cockroach.”
Why are German cockroaches so resilient?
they have a larger number of eggs per capsule, it develops the fastest from hatching to sexual maturity, they are smaller than other cockroaches, the mom carries the egg capsule on her back and protects it, they also seem to live close to one another more than other cockroaches which promotes reproduction.
How big is a German cockroach and how can you distinguish them?
1/2-5/8 inch long, they have 2 dark stripes down the back of their thorax/pronotum, directly behind the head
What do German Cockroaches feed on?
they love fermented foods and beverage residue (i.e beer) if water is present they can live up to a month without food.
Which is the largest cockroach?
American Cockroach. grows up to 1.5 inches
What are other names for the American cockroach?
Waterbug, Flying waterbug, Palmetto bug
What does an American Cockroach look like?
Its the largest cockroach. Its also reddish brown with a pale brown or yellow boarder on the upper surface of the pronotum. They have well developed wings and the males wings extend beyond the abdomen
What do American cockroaches like to eat?
They prefer decaying organic matter. They will also eat book bindings, clothing, syrups, and sweets. They can go 3 months without eating and 1 month without water
What are other names for the Oriental Cockroach?
Waterbug, black beetle or shad roach
What does an Oriental Roach look like?
1-1.25 inches. The female has tiny wings that are functionless and the males has larger wings but they also serve no purpose. Adults are very dark brown or nearly black and have a somewhat greasy sheen on their body
What do Oriental Cockroaches eat?
They also, like the American cockroach, prefer decaying organic material inside and outside. They can live 1 month without food but only 2 weeks without water.
Which is the smallest cockroach?
Brown-banded cockroach
What does a brown banded cockroach look like?
1/2 in long. light brown and has 2 Dark, transverse bands from one side to the other on the abdoment. Think sweat bands or brown belt. Smallest
What do brown banded Cockroaches eat?
They prefer starchy materials. However, the will eat almost anything.