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1. Disciplines 2 > General Peds > Flashcards

General Peds Flashcards

1
Q

Preterm

A

<37 weeks

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2
Q

Term

A

37-42 weeks

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3
Q

Postterm

A

> 42 weeks

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4
Q

extremely low birth weight

A

<1000g (2.2lbs)

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5
Q

very low birth weight

A

<1500g (3.3 lbs)

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6
Q

low birth weight

A

<2500g (5.5 lbs)

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7
Q

nl birth weight

A

> 2500g (5.5 lbs)

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8
Q

based on growth curve, what is small for gestational age?

A

< 10th %tile

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9
Q

based on growth curve, what is normal for gestational age?

A

10-90th %tile

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10
Q

based on growth curve, what is large for gestational age?

A

> 90th %tile

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11
Q

neonatal period

A

day 1-28

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12
Q

postnatal period

A

day 29-1yr

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13
Q

What is the Apgar?

A

key assessment of the newborn immediately after birth, scored at 1 & 5 minutes after birth

scoring continues at 5 min intervals till baby scores >7

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14
Q

What is vernix caseosa

A
  • cheesy white covering
  • decreases as term approaches
  • made from fetal corneocytes/sebaceous gland activity
  • rich lipid matrix
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15
Q

What are milia

A
  • pinpoint white papule w/o surrounding erythema
  • caused by blocked sebaceous glands
  • common on nose, chin, forehead, cheeks
  • usually appears in 1st week and disappears over several weeks
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16
Q

what is a Mongolian spot

A
  • aka congenital dermal melanocytosis
  • blue patches of pigment
  • common over lumbar area, buttocks, or extremities
  • generally fade w/ time
  • common in Asian, Native American, Hispanic, East Indian, and African descent
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17
Q

What is erythema toxicum

A
  • yellow eosinophilic papule on red base
  • may appear 2-4th day
  • mostly on trunk
  • thought to be due to immaturity of the pilosebaceous follicles
  • typically disappear w/in 1 week of birth
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18
Q

Widely split sutures can be a sign of what?

A

elevated ICP (meningitis or hydrocephalus)

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19
Q

Sunken fontanelle may indicate?

A

dehydration

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20
Q

Large fontanelle can be the 1st sign of?

A

hypothyroidism

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21
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close and how big should it be?

A
  • closes approx 9-18 mo

- 1-4 cm

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22
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close and how big should it be?

A
  • closes 1-2 mo

- <1 cm

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23
Q

Cepahlohematoma

A
  • swelling/collection of blood over one or both parietal bones
  • Does NOT cross suture lines
  • resolves in wks-months
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24
Q

Caput succedaneum

A
  • edema of the scalp
  • can cross suture lines
  • resolves in days
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25
Q

Hypertelorism

A

abnormally widely spaces eyes

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26
Q

What do you do to get the best view in a babies ear?

A

pull the auricle gently downward

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27
Q

What are Epstein’s pearl? When do they appear and do they need tx?

A
  • small, white benign, inclusion cysts
  • typically on palate
  • no tx needed, the resolves spontaneously
  • usually seen 2-4 mo
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28
Q

Nodules seen on the gingival ridge are called?

A

Bohn nodules

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29
Q

Ankyloglossia: what is it and what can it lead to?

A

Tongue Tie

  • congenital short lingual frenulum
  • can cause pain w/ nursing
  • usually see puckering of the midline of tongue tip w/ movement
  • may lead to speech difficulty or dental problems
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30
Q

Tx for Ankyloglossia

A

frenulectomy in neonatal period

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31
Q

For infants, what position do you palpate their necks?

A

lying supine

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32
Q

for children, what position do you palpate their necks?

A

sitting upright

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33
Q

What is congenital torticollis?

A

“wry neck”

  • results from bleeding into the sternocleidomastoid muscle during the stretching process of birth
  • appears as a firm fibrous mass w/in the muscle 2-3 weeks after birth
  • generally disappears over months
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34
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

“funnel chest”

  • sternal depression
  • M>F
35
Q

Pectus Carinatum

A

“chicken breast deformity or pigeon chest”

-M>F

36
Q

Pectus carinatum can also be a/w what abnormality?

A

scoliosis

37
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for infants

A

30-40/min

38
Q

Diminished breath sounds on one side of the chest pf a newborn suggest?

A

unilateral lesions (ex. congenital diaphragmatic hernia)

39
Q

In Upper Airway sounds:

inspiratory or expiratory?

A

inspiratory

40
Q

In Lower Airway sounds:

inspiratory or expiratory?

A

expiratory

41
Q

Diminished femoral pulses may indicate?

A

coarctation of the aorta

42
Q

What are common non cardiac findings in infants w/ cardiac dz?

A
  • poor feeling, failure to thrive, irritability
  • tachypnea, hepatomegaly, clubbing
  • poor overall appearance, weakness
43
Q

What auscultating an infants/child’s heart, what is commonly heard? (HR related to breathing)

A

HR increasing on inspiration and decreasing on expiration

44
Q

What is the MC dysrhythmia in infants?

A

paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia (PSVT)

45
Q

What is an umbilical granuloma?

A
  • develops at the base of the navel

- pink granulation tissue formed during the healing process

46
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

hypo=below
-abnormal ventral placement of urethral opening
(check before circumcision!)

47
Q

What is epispadies?

A

epi= hits you in the eye

-abnormal dorsal placement (uncommon)

48
Q

Where is a hydrocele?
MC side?
Reducible?
Resolves?

A

=overlie the testes and spermatic cord

  • MC R side
  • Not reducible
  • can be transilluminated
  • usually resolves by 18 mo
49
Q

Where is a hernia?
MC side?
Reducible?
Resolves?

A

=separate from the testes

  • usually reducible
  • does not transilluminate
  • does not resolve
50
Q

If a newborn has a sacral dimple, what do you do?

A

need to US if you cannot see the bottom!

could be sinus tract or spina bifida

51
Q

Single palmar crease (simian crease) is a/w?

A

Trisomy 21

52
Q

What are RFs for developmental dysplasia of the hips? (DDH)

A
  • breech, caucasian, 1st born
  • fam hx, prior child w/ DHH
  • prematurity
53
Q

What test tests for the ability to sublet or dislocate an intact, but unstable hip?

A

Barlow

54
Q

What test test for posteriorly dislocated hip?

A

Ortolani

55
Q

Asymmetrical leg creases might indicate? How is it treated?

A

developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH)

-ortho eval & pavlik harness

56
Q

At what age is nl for palmar grasp reflex?

A

3-4 mo

57
Q

What is plantar grasp reflex and what age is it nl?

A
  • touch sole at the base of the toes
  • toes will curl
  • 6-8 mo
58
Q

What is the Moro Reflex? (Startle reflex)

A

-hold baby supine supporting head, abruptly lower entire body about 2 ft

  • arms should abduct and extend
  • hands open
  • legs flex

birth-4mo

59
Q

Persistence of Moro reflex beyond normal period suggests?

A

neurological disease (cerebral palsy)

60
Q

What is the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex?

When is it nl

A
  • With baby supine, turn head one side, holding jaw over shoulder
  • the arms/legs on side which head is turned extend
  • the opposite arm/leg flex

birth-2mo

61
Q

What is Positive Support Reflex?

A

-hold baby around trunk and lower until feet touch flat surface

  • the hips, knees, and ankles extend and baby stands up, partially bearing weight
  • sags after 20-30 sec

birth or 2mo- 6mo

lack of reflex=hypotonia or flaccidity

62
Q

What is Rooting reflex

A
  • stroke personal skin at the corners of the mouth
  • mouth will open and baby will turn head to the stimulated side

birth-3/4 mo

63
Q

What is Trunk Incurvation (Galant’s reflex)

A
  • support baby prone w/ one hand
  • stroke 1 side of the back 1 cm from midline, from shoulder to buttocks
  • spine will curve toward the stimulated side

birth-2mo

64
Q

What is Placing and Stepping reflexes

A
  • hold baby upright from behind
  • have one sole touch tabletop
  • the hip and knee of that foot will flex and the other foot will step forward
65
Q

Appropriate visual acuity for:
3-5yo?
6 and up?

A

3-5yo= 20/40

6 and up= 20/30

66
Q

MC cause of childhood blindness?

A

amblyopia

67
Q

When should you start checking BP in child?

A

3yo

68
Q

When do you screen for iron deficiency?

A

9 or 12 mo

69
Q

What does the CDC recommend for Lead screening?

A

universal screening for children ages 1-2

70
Q

When should the 1st dental visit be?

A

between 12 mo-2 or 3 yo

71
Q

Rear facing car seats till?
Booster seat till?
No front seat till?

A

Rear facing car seats till= 2yo

Booster seat till= 4’9”

No front seat till= 13 yo

72
Q

What are 1 month milestones? (4)

A
  • fixes/follows on face
  • some head control
  • responds to sounds
  • spontaneous smile
73
Q

What are 2 month milestones? (4)

A
  • responsive smile
  • coos/vocalizes
  • lifts head when prone
  • follows to midline
74
Q

What are 4 month milestones? (5)

A
  • rolls from tummy to back
  • good head control
  • laughs, squeals
  • follows past midline
  • grasps toys/objects
75
Q

What are 6 month milestones? (6)

A
  • sits w/ support
  • bears weight on legs
  • vocalizes “ba, da-da”
  • reaches out for toys
  • follows 180 degrees
  • stranger danger/separation anxiety
76
Q

What are 9 month milestones? (5)

A
  • Crawls
  • pulls up to stand and cruise on furnature
  • says mama/dada
  • immature pincer grasp
  • responds to name
77
Q

What are 12 month milestones? (5)

A
  • walks (might be delayed until 18 mo)
  • waves bye
  • says mama/dad
  • points w/ index finger
  • self feeds w/ fingers
78
Q

What are 15 month milestones? (4)

A
  • 3-6 words
  • walks well
  • climbs stairs
  • imitates actions
79
Q

What are 18 month milestones? (6)

A
  • 5-15 words
  • some 2 word phrases
  • uses spoon/fork
  • scribbles
  • follows simple commands
  • runs, walks backwards
80
Q

What are 24 month milestones? (5)

A
  • 20-50 words
  • 2 word phrases
  • kicks ball
  • builds 3-4 block tower
  • 50% speech understandable
81
Q

How is Hep B spread? Sx?

A
  • contact w/ blood or body fluids, birth

- asymptomatic, jaundice, HA, weakness, vomiting, joint pain

82
Q

How is Rotavirus spread? Sx?

A
  • Saliva, oral contact

- diarrhea, fever, vomiting

83
Q

Leading cause of hospitalization and death from acute gastroenteritis in young children?

A

Rotavirus

1. Disciplines 2 (11 decks)

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