General pediatrics

Question 1

What is a pyogenic granuloma, and what is the proper management.

Answer 1

a bright red vascular nodule at the epithelial surface associated with local trauma to the area. Very common on hands, and feet.

Thought to be an abnormal healing response. They bleed easily.

Must be distinguished from amelanotic melanoma or anapaestic squamous cell carcinoma with shave biopsy

Question 2

What are the VACTERL associations and their significance?

Answer 2

V-vertebral
A- anal agenesis
C-congenital anomalies
T-treacheoesophageal fistulas
E-Esophagael agenesis
R-renal or radial deformities
L-limb anomalies

All of these are structures derived from embryonic mesoderm

If these are found, then the differential diagnosis has to include congenital syndromes

    Baller-Gerold syndrome[6]
    CHARGE syndrome[6]
    Currarino syndrome[6]
    Deletion 22q11.2 syndrome[6]
    Fanconi anemia[6]
    Feingold syndrome[6]
    Fryns syndrome[6]
    MURCS association[6]
    Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome[6]
    Opitz G/BBB syndrome[6]
    Pallister–Hall syndrome[6]
    Townes–Brocks syndrome[6]
    VACTERL with hydrocephalus[6][9]

Question 3

What is CHARGE syndrome?

Answer 3

C-Coloboma of the eye, CNS anomalies
H- heart defects
A- atresia of the choanae
R-retardation of growth and/or development
G- genital and/or urinary defects
E-ear anomalies and/or deafness

Question 4

What is the Potters sequence?

Answer 4

Potter sequence (also known as Potter’s syndrome, Potter’s sequence or Oligohydramnios sequence) is the atypical physical appearance of a fetus or neonate due to oligohydramnios experienced in the uterus.

physical features include a parrot beak nose, and most commonly a skin fold going from the medial canthus across the cheek