General Pathology Year 1

Question 1

Sputum

Answer 1

A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease and often examined microscopically to aid medical diagnosis.

Question 2

Sputum Colour

Answer 2

Robertson discovered in 1955 that green sputum colour is caused by crystallised peroxidase. Since this enzyme is released by leukocytes that are part of the general immune response, discoloured sputum colour can be due to a variety of aetiologies

Question 3

Aetiologies

Answer 3

The study of causation or origin of disease. Also referred to as Etiology.

Question 4

Viral bronchitis

Answer 4

Symptoms;

yellowish or green sputum

Question 5

Leukocytes

Answer 5

A colourless cell which circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell.

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

Phagocyte, normally found in the bloodstream. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure, and some cancers, they are the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation.

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

A form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system. Can be further categorised into T and B cells.

Question 8

Pathogenesis

Answer 8

Mechanism(s) that lead to the diseased state.

Question 9

Sequela

Answer 9

a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury. The effects of disease.

Question 10

Natural History

Answer 10

Pattern of Disease

Question 11

Metaplasia

Answer 11

the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. In simplistic terms, it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment, and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment. If the stimulus that caused metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation

Question 12

Dysplasia

Answer 12

Refer to an abnormality of development or an epithelial anomaly of growth and differentiation

Question 13

Hyperplasia

Answer 13

the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.

Question 14

meta-

Answer 14

change

Question 15

neo-

Answer 15

new

Question 16

dys-

Answer 16

bad

Question 17

Cytopathology

Answer 17

Studies disease on a cellular level.

cancer and autopsy

Question 18

genetics

Answer 18

can be a cause of mechanism of disease

Question 19

Regenerative Tissues

Answer 19

Endometrium completely regenerates.
Up to the age of 10 or so who lose fingertips can regrow the tip of the digit within a month provided their wounds are not sealed up with flaps of skin.
The mammalian kidney, the tubular component following an acute injury.
The human liver is capable of doing so from only one quarter of its tissue

Question 20

Neoplasia

Answer 20

Neoplasia is new, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control.

Question 21

Metastasis

Answer 21

Metastasis, or metastatic disease, is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it.