General Pathology Flashcards
What does the acronym A.C.I.D. stand for?
A - Allergies (type 1 hypersensitivity - IgE, mast cells)
C - Cytotoxic (type 2 hypersensitivity - IgG & IgM, opsonization)
I - Immune Complex (type 3 hypersensitivity - antigen + antibodies)
D - Delayed (type 4 - T cell mediated, antibody independent)
Which hypersensitivity results in fibrinoid necrosis?
Type 3 (due to tissue inflammation)
Poison ivy is an example of what hypersensitivity?
Type 4
A female patient presenting with Libman-Sacks Endocarditis and a fever of unknown origin most likely has what condition?
Lupus
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis - verrucous vegetations on mitral valve
What is the name of the rash that frequently occurs with SLE?
Malar rash
A middle-aged female presenting with Raynaud phenomenon and dysphagia most likely has what condition?
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
A patient with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca most likely has what condition?
Sjogren Syndrome
Exocrine gland destruction and enlargement
What is CREST syndrome?
Symptoms consistent with Systemic Sclerosis
C - Calcinosis R - Raynaud's Phenomenon E - Esophageal dysmotility (fibrosis of lower 2/3) S - Sclerodactyly (hard/eroded skin) T - Telangiectasia (spider veins)
A couple brings their 6 month old son in with recurring sinus infections and ear aches. They have a 2 year old daughter who is healthy and energetic. You talk to the mother and discover she is no longer breastfeeding (a strong source of antibodies). What condition do you suspect?
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton Disease)
Failed B cell maturation - no antibody production
Good prognosis with IgG infusions
What cell types does AIDS destroy?
CD4 & T cells
Macrophages
Pneumocystic jirovecii and Kaposi Sarcoma are common in what patient group?
AIDS patients
P. Jirovecii = fungal lung disease
What condition(s) is associated with an apple-green birefringence?
Amyloidosis
Which disease is associated with beta-amyloid plaque?
Alzheimers
Which disease is associated with amyloid light protein and B cell proliferation?
Multiple Myeloma (Bence-Jones protein)
What are the 3 nuclear stages of necrosis?
- Karyolysis - fading/dissolution
- Pyknosis - shrinking
- Karyorrhexis - fragmentation
What is the term for coagulative necrosis in an extremity?
Gangrene (seen commonly in peripheral vascular diseases aka diabetes)
Which necrosis presents as chalky-white and can occur with breast trauma or acute pancreatitis?
Fat Necrosis/ Enzymatic Necrosis
Aortic stenosis and Myositis Ossificans are examples of what type of pathologic calcification?
Dystrophic (calcification of damaged tissue)
What do we call the calcification of normal tissue?
Metastatic calcification
What is the life span of a WBC?
4 days inside blood & lymph
What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils*
- Lymphocytes (T, B, NK)
- Monocytes/Macrophage
- Eosinophils (allergy)*
- Basophils (parasites)*
*Granulocyte
Which WBC are most numerous in acute vs chronic inflammation?
Acute - Neutrophils (day 1)
Chronic - Monocyte/Macrophages (day 2-3)
What are the 4 steps of leukoctye recruitment?
- Rolling/Margination (selectins)
- Firm Adhesion/pavementing (integrins)
- Transmigration
- Chemotaxis
What condition is associated with caseating granulomas?
TB
What is a keloid?
Scar tissue that develops beyond wound boundary
Exuberant granulation tissue - excessive collagen deposition
MC African decent
