General Pathology

Question 1

Apoptosis promoter

Answer 1

• bcl - xs *
  Bax
  Bin
  P53
  Glucocorticoids

Question 2

Apoptosis inhibitor

Answer 2

Bcl - XL
Bcl -2
mcl 1
Sex steroids

Question 3

Apoptosis intrinsic pathway initiator

Answer 3

Cytochrome C
SMAC

Question 4

Apoptosis both pathways effector

Answer 4

Caspase 3, and 7

Question 5

Apoptosis extrinsic pathway initiator

Answer 5

FAS ligand
TRAIL Ligand

Question 6

Apoptosis initiator caspases?

Answer 6

Caspase 8,9,10

Question 7

Step ladder pattern seen in which process after cell injury

Answer 7

Apoptosis - due to DNA fragmentation

Question 8

Smear pattern seen in which process after cell injury

Answer 8

Necrosis due to groups of cell bring destroyed

Question 9

Leucotoxins mainly act by causing

Answer 9

Apoptosis
Also Necrosis but MAINly apoptosis

Question 10

Coagulative Necrosis shows what kind of cellular appearance

Answer 10

Tomb stone Cells, nuclear death, cell membrane intact

Question 11

Fibrinoid Necrosis seen in

Answer 11

Rheumatoid arthritis - pan aschoff nodules

Question 12

AAT is due to which enzyme deficiency

Answer 12

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
: leads to protein accumulation in lungs and liver(site of a1at production) loss of enzyme production leads to Liver enlargemet, as lungs weaken

Question 13

Cystic fibrosis pathophysiology

Answer 13

Cause -CTFR defect on chromosome 7, defect in transport of Na, sweat chloride, thick body secretions, sinus lungs mucus filled and have infections, gi obstruction,

Question 14

Huntington disease is due to deficient

Answer 14

Huntingtin enzyme - leads to memory loss, lack of attention
•age 30 onwards is called = juvenile, seen in old age also, enlarged lateral ventricle on mri, difficult Co ordination, balance

Question 15

Zenkers waxy degeneration is seen in

Answer 15

Skeletal muscle after infections with High grade fevers like Typhoid

Question 16

Extracellular hyaline change is normal finding in

Answer 16

Newborn

Question 17

Examples of dystrophic calcification (RATT)

Answer 17

Rheum arthritis
Atherosclerosis
Tb lymph node
Tumors - papillary tumor thyroid

Question 18

Metastatic calcification features

Answer 18

RAISED SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS
seen in living tissue
Seen in sarcoidosis. Multiple myeloma, renal failure,
Found in organ which lose acid to have alkaline medium = lungs, kidney, stomach!!

Question 19

SIRTUINS are responsible for what

Answer 19

Keeping Cells young

Question 20

List enzymatic antioxidants (3)

Answer 20

1.(SOD) Superoxide dismutase
2.Catalase
3.Glutathione peroxidase

Question 21

List of non enzymatic antioxidants

Answer 21

Vit e, albumin, transferin, cysteine, glutathione, cerruloplasmin

Question 22

Light microscopy fixative

Answer 22

10% neutral buffer formalin

Question 23

Electron microscopy fixative

Answer 23

Glutaraldehyde

Question 24

PAS stain stains what

Answer 24

Glycogen, fungus

Question 25

Geimsa stain stains

Answer 25

Bone marrow

Question 26

Safranin O stain

Answer 26

Mucin
Cartilage
Mast cells

Question 27

Mast cell granules stain by

Answer 27

Toluidine blue stain

Question 28

Inflammation is of 2 Types

Answer 28

Cellular
Vascular

Question 29

Vascular changes of inflammation (4)

Answer 29

1st change : Vasoconstriction - transient (dolor)
2nd change : Vasodilation (rubor, calor seen)
3.Hallmark change : Increased cell permeability due to endothelial cell separation (births exudate in venules)
4th change : Stasis

Question 30

Cellular changes of inflammation [extravasation]

Answer 30

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Activation