General Patho

Question 1

Name the tissues which cannot undergo hyperplasia.

Answer 1

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, nerves

Question 2

What is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 2

Endometrial hyperplasia in pregnancy

Question 3

What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia (that will not increase risk of ___ cancer)?

Answer 3

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia will not increase risk of prostate cancer)

Question 4

Hypertrophy is…

Answer 4

increase in cell size

Question 5

Involution is…

Answer 5

decrease in cell number

Question 6

Atrophy is…

Answer 6

decrease in cell size

Question 7

Name two examples of metaplasia.

Answer 7

Barret oesophagus: gastric reflux changes oesophageal lining from NKSSE to columnar epithelium
Smoking: smoking changes respiratory columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium, which can cause squamous cell carcinoma

Question 8

Name the 4 causes of cell injury

Answer 8

Hypoxia, trauma, nutrient deficiencies or excess, mutations

Question 9

Name the causes of Hypoxia

Answer 9

Ischaemia, Hypoxemia, Decreased O2 carrying capacity

Question 10

Describe swelling as a consequence of cell injury

Answer 10

• reversible
• due to low ATP causing Na+ K+ pump dysfunction
• leads to cell swelling
• swelling RER causes ribosomes to drop off, leading to decreased protein synthesis

Question 11

Describe membrane damage as a consequence of cell injury

Answer 11

• irreversible
• plasma membrane damage causes cytosolic enzymes to leak into blood
• mitochondrial membrane damage causes cytochrome C to leak into cell, activating capsases to cause apoptosis
• lysosomal membrane damage causes hydrolytic enzymes to leak into cell, causing autolysis

leads to cell death

Question 12

Name the 3 types of cell death

Answer 12

Autolysis (during organism death), Apoptosis (programmed cell death), Necrosis (pathological cell death due to injury)

Question 13

Name the 3 types of nucleus loss associated with cell death

Answer 13

1. Pyknosis: nucleus condensation
2. Karyorrhexis: nuclear fragmentation
3. Karyolysis: nuclear dissolution

Question 14

How are caspases activated in apoptosis?

Answer 14

Cell injury + DNA damage lead to:
1. inactivated bcl2 in mitochondrial membrane –> cytochrome C leaked from mitochondria to cytoplasm
2. FASL binding to FAS on target cell
3. CD8 CTL granzymes entering the cell (via perforins)

Question 15

How do capsases cause apoptosis?

Answer 15

• activate proteases, causing cytoskeleton breakdown and cell shrinkage
• activate endonucleases, causing DNA breakdown and nucleus disappearance

Question 16

Name the 7 types of necrosis

Answer 16

1. Coagulative
2. Hemorrhagic
3. Liquefactive
4. Suppurative
5. Caseous
6. Fat
7. Fibrinoid

Question 17

Describe the features of coagulative necrosis.

Answer 17

• firm dead tissue with cell shape retained
• seen in ischaemic infarctions due to obstructed arterial supply (except the brain)
• gross appearance: wedge shaped and pale
gangrenous necrosis is extensive coagulative necrosis without liquefactive necrosis, causing gross black appearance

Question 18

Describe the features of liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 18

• enzymatic lysis of cells causes liquefaction
• seen in brain infarcts, due to proteolytic enzymes from microglial cells
• seen in pancreatic infarcts, due to pancreatic proteases liquefying parenchyma

Question 19

Describe the features of suppurative necrosis.

Answer 19

• liquefactive necrosis in abcesses or empymas
• caused by neutrophils releasing proteolytic enzymes to liquefy tissue

Question 20

Describe the features of caseous necrosis.

Answer 20

• cheese like appearance, soft and friable
• combination of liquefactive and coagulative necrosis
• seen in granulomatous inflammation from TB or fungal infections

Question 21

Describe the features of fat necrosis.

Answer 21

• chalky white appearance due to calcium deposition
• seen in trauma to fat and necrosis of fat-surrounding organs
• seen in acute pancreatitis as pancreatic lipases breakdown surrounding fat

Question 22

Describe the features of fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 22

• necrosis of blood vessel wall
• fibrin leakage results in visible strings of fibrin
• seen in vasculitis

Question 23

Describe the features of haemorrhagic necrosis.

Answer 23

• “red infarction”: appears red
• type of coagulative necrosis
• in organs with dual blood supply + infarcts due to obstructed venous outflow
• seen in testicular torsion: blood vessels twist on itself, artery does not collapse due to thick walls but veins collapse