General paeds stuff Flashcards
What are the symptoms of shaken baby syndrome?
Triad:
Retinal haemorrhage
Subdural haematoma
Encephalopathy
What is the most common cause of stridor in a neonate?
Laryngomalacia
Congenital softening of the tissues of the larynx (voice box) above the vocal cords. The laryngeal structure is malformed and floppy, causing the tissues to fall over the airway opening and partially block it.
Presents at 4 weeks of age with stridor
What are the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome?
The major risk factors for SIDS are: Prone sleeping Parental smoking Bed sharing Hyperthermia and head covering Prematurity Male Social class IV/V (Lowest class)
What type of diabetes is Down’s associated with?
Type 1 diabetes
What is the inheritance of mitochondrial disorders?
Mitochondrial inheritance has the following characteristics:
• Inheritance is only via the maternal line as the sperm contributes no cytoplasm to the zygote
• None of the children of an affected male will inherit the disease
• All of the children of an affected female will inherit the disease
• Generally, encode rare neurological diseases
What are the risk factors of developmental dysplasia of the hips?
Female sex: 6 times greater risk Breech presentation Positive family history Firstborn children Oligohydramnios Birth weight > 5 kg Congenital calcaneovalgus foot deformity
What are the steps of paediatric BLS?
1) Open airways (Head tilt, chin lift)
(Jaw thrust if unsuccessful)
2) Check breathing for 10 seconds
3) Remove any obstructions from mouth and deliver 5 rescue breaths
4) Assess “signs of life” (movement/coughing) and check carotid/femoral pulse for 10 seconds
5a) If pulse is more than 60 BPM, keep giving rescue breaths and reassess
5b) If pulse is <60 BPM, begin CPR at rate of 15:2 at 100 compressions per minute
What are the clinical features of inguinal hernias?
More common in premature children
Caused by patent processus vaginalis
Presents as lump in groin but is asymptomatic
If it becomes incarcerated, it may cause:
• Pain
• Intestinal obstruction
• Testicular strangulation
The risk of incarceration is higher, the younger the child presents
What is the management of inguinal hernia?
- Can be reduced via taxis and simple analgesia
- Surgery following once oedema settles
What is the management of bilateral undescended testes?
Unilateral are calm, guide it into the scrotum
Bilateral are a medical emergency and karyotyping must be conducted to exclude disorders of sex development
What are the clinical features of testicular torsion?
- Most common in post-pubertal boys
- Very painful
- Redness/Oedema of scrotal skin
- Pain may localise to abdomen
What is the management of testicular torsion?
Emergency surgical exploration
Fixation of contralateral testis because of increased risk of contralateral torsion
What is Ebstein’s anomaly?
A congenital condition where the tricuspid valve leaflets are attached to the walls and septum of the right ventricle. This may lead to tricuspid regurgitation and in 50% of patients Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is seen, which is a pre-excitation syndrome caused by an accessory electrical pathway between the atria and the ventricles which may lead to an irregular heart rate. A risk factor for developing Ebstein’s anomaly is the mother taking lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy.
How do you calculate developmental milestone checkpoints in a premature baby?
40 weeks - gestation when born = x
Developmental milestone period + x = New estimated period of achieving milestone
What investigations should be conducted in an infant <3 months presenting with fever?
Full blood count
Blood culture
C-reactive protein
Urine testing for urinary tract infection
Chest radiograph only if respiratory signs are present
Stool culture, if diarrhoea is present
Lumbar puncture if worried about sepsis
