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FLS > General Nutrients and Nutritions > Flashcards

General Nutrients and Nutritions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic Acid

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2
Q

RDAs (Recommended Daily Allowances) vary with:

A
  • Age: need more for infants than adults - Sex: Male RDAs about 20% greater than for female, except for IRON - Other: Pregnancy increases RDAs by 20-30 %, illness also increases RDAs
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3
Q

Target Calories for good health for a 70 kg adult male and a 50 kg female:

A
  • 70 kg male: 2900 Kcal/day - 50 kg female: 2100 kcal/day
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4
Q

What’s the breakdown of the energy produced from the diet:

A
  • Basal metabolic rate: 60% - Thermic (body heat): 10% - Physical Activity (varies): 30 %
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5
Q

Recommended supply of energy from each of the macronutrients:

A
  • Carbohydrates: 60% - Protein: 10% - Fat: 30 %
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6
Q

What’s the energy yield of each macronutrient:

A
  • Carbohydrate: 4 Kcal/g - Protein: 4 Kcal/g - Fat: 9 Kcal/g
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7
Q

What percent of dietary fat is triglycerides?

A

90% - note: animal fatty acids are generally more saturated (more energy) than plants.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates are taken in as:

A
  • Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides - Fiber
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9
Q

Fiber doesn’t provide energy, but what does it do?

A
  • Softens stool - Promotes motility - Decreases absorption of toxic compounds - Decreases colon cancer
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10
Q

Protein dietary sources are evaluated on their ability to provide:

A
  • PVT TIM HALL (essential amino acids) - essential amino acids are AA that we need but can’t make - Egg albumin (egg white) are gold standard for proteins
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11
Q

Goals for balancing our Calorie (Kcal) sources:

A
  • Carbohydrates: 60 % - Protein: 10 % - Fat: 30 % (10 monounsaturated, 10 polyunsaturated, 10 saturated)
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12
Q

1 cup of 1% low fat milk contains 8g protein, 11g carbohydrates, and 2.6 g fat. Calculate total Calories per 1 cup of milk.

A
  • 8g protein (4Kcal/g) = 32 Kcal of Protein - 11g carboh (4Kcal/g) = 44 Kcal of Carb - 2.6g fat (9Kcal/g) . = 23.4 Kcal of Fat ————————————- 99.4 Kcal/Cup
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13
Q

What’s the main source of energy for the brain? And what percentage does it make of our bodies?

A
  • Glucose - Less than 1% - Our bodies are mostly water (55%)
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14
Q

Body composition of a healthy adult (on the boards):

A
  • Water: 55 %
  • Intracellular: 65%
  • Extracellular: 35%
  • Interstitial: 75%
  • Plasma: 25%
  • Protein: 19%
  • Fat: 19%
  • Minerals and inorganics: 7%
  • Carbohydrates: < 1%
  • Vitamins: <0.01%
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15
Q

Formula for BMR

A

BMR = weight (kg) x (24Kcal/kg)

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16
Q

What compostion of the body is minerals and inorganics?

A

7%

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17
Q

What are the most abundant minerals in the body?

A

Ca++ (calcium)

PO4 -3 (phosphorus)

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18
Q

What’s the main anion in intra and extracellular fluid?

A

Cl-

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19
Q

There is no direct causal relationsip between Na+ and hypertension, but diet low in ………and high in…….is associated with low blood pressure and lower incidence of stroke

A
  • low sodium
  • high potassium
20
Q

What are the most abundant minerals in the body?

A
  • Ca++ and PO4 -3
  • much is found in the crystalizd form of calcium phosphate found in bone and teeth (hydroxyapatite)
  • Ca is also ued as a second messenger, regulates threshold for action potential, regulates exocytosis, and participates in blood clotting and enzyme reactions.
  • Phosphate plays a key role in energy metabolism, being a part of many metabolic intermediates.
21
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Can result when dietary Ca++ is not processed appropriately.
22
Q

Iron (Fe+2, Fe+3)

A
  • most body iron is found in heme proteins which are found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes.
  • Iron is transported in blood bound to plasma protein transferrin*** and can be stored in some tissues bound to ***ferritin.
  • iron deficency anemia: result of iron deficiency, most commonly seen in premenopausal women or in people with undetected GI bleeding.
  • Excess iron accumulates in hemosiderin*** which can damage ***liver,*** heart, pancreas and spleen. Condition called ***hemochromatosis, and treat by periodic phlebotomy.
23
Q

Magnesium (Mg++)

A
  • Dr. Tim said not to worry about it.
  • Helps to stabilize ATP (exists as Mg-ATP) and is therefore an unwritten cofactor in many reactions.
  • High Mg++ levels can deprss CNS function and slow H.R.

—-> Cardiac Arrest

24
Q

Sulfur (S)

A
  • Dr. Tim said not to worry about it.
  • Found in amino acids, Coenzyme-A, connective tissue and some bile acids.
  • most of Sulfur comes from dietary protein.
25
Q

Iodine (I)

A
  • 70-80 % is concentrated in thyroid gland and is used to make thyroid hormoness.
  • low levels —–> Goiter….treated by iodized salts.
26
Q

Fluoride (F-)

A
  • not absolutely essential
  • gets incorporated into hydroxyapatite and makes it less soluble —> stronger bones and teeth.

Hydroxyapatite ——(F-)———> Fluoroapatite

27
Q

Trace Elements

A
  • Dr. Tim said not to worry about it.
  • necessary for health, but in very low [].
  • Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Zinc
28
Q

Vitamins

A
  • term comes from “vital amine” recognizing they serve key roles as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions even though they are not abundant in cells.
  • In recent decades, it has been found that greater than RDA doses of vitamins can be used PROPHYLACTICALLY to prevent/diminish some diseases.
  • Vitamins are classified by groupings:
  • Fat Soluble (4): A D E K
  • Water Soluble (9):
  • Non-B complex: C (ascorbic acid)
  • B complex:
  • Energy releasing: B1, B2, B3, Biotin, Pantothenic acid
  • Hematopoietic: Folic Acid, B12 (Cobalamin)
  • Other: B6 (pyridoxine), Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine
29
Q

B complex vitamins

A

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

30
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A
  • 9 of them and many are precursors of cofactors in energy meabolism.
  • In general, they are non-toxic even in excess, because 1. they are not stored to any great extent and 2. readily excreted in urine, which means we need a continual supply of them.
  • Broken into B complex and Non-B complex (Ascorbic acid, C)
  • B complex:

The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys

  • Thiamine (B1)
  • Riboflavin (B2)
  • Niacin (B3)
  • Biotin (B7)….remember the number 7 is for perfection
  • Pantothenate (B5)
  • Folate (B9)
  • Cobalamin (B12)
  • Pyridoxine (B6)
  • Non-B complex:
  • Ascorbate (vitamin C)
  • Just know the name, the number, the active form, and the disorders associated.
  • Dr. Tim’s go to question deals with the three D’s of Pellagra!
31
Q

Thiamine

A
  • B1
  • Active form: Thiamine pyrophosphate
  • Disorders:
    • Beriberi: severe thiamine deficiency, when polished rice (white rice) is a major food. Characterized by dry skin, irritability, thought disorders, progressive paralaysis and possible death.
    • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: Thiamine deficiency most common with alcholism.

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

32
Q

Riboflavin

A
  • B2
  • Active Forms: Flavin mono-nucleotide (FMN) and Flavin Adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  • Deficiency: rarely seen alone, but vegans need to beware because ultraviolet light degrades riboflavin and their only source would be green leafy vegetables.

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

33
Q

Niacin

A
  • B3
  • Active forms: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)
  • Deficiency: Pellagra*** (***dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
    • ​3DS
  • ​​High levels inhibit lipolysis, so can be used to treat hyperlipoprotenemia

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

34
Q

Biotin

A
  • B7
  • Active form: Biotin
  • It’s a coenzyme in carboxylation ractions holding the activated CO2 until it is bound to the substrate.
  • covalentely bound to lysine R groups in biotin-requiring enzymes.
  • Deficiency: uncommon

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

35
Q

Pantothenate

A
  • B5
  • It’s active form is a component of Coenzyme-A (basically ADP + Pantothenate)
  • Deficiency: rare

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

36
Q

Folate

A
  • B9 I think?
  • Active form: Tetrahydrofolate, which is important in purine and pyrimidine metabolism. (can donate a methyl group)
  • Deficiency in early gestation results in Neural Tube Defects
37
Q

Cobalamin

A
  • B12
  • needed for 2 reactions: synthesis of methionine and metabolism of methylmalonyl CoA
  • Deficiency: rare
  • Important (question will likely be asked): Lack of intrinsic factor*** (due to gastrectomy or tapeworm) results in ***Pernicious anemia.
38
Q

Pyridoxine

A
  • B6
  • The term refers to the 3 precursors of the active form pyridoxal phosphate.
  • Amino acid metabolism
  • Deficiency: rare

“The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

39
Q

Ascorbate (Vitamin C)

Non-B complex Water soluble vitamin

A
  • Vitamin C
  • important in hydroxylation of proline and lysine, which is critical for collagen synthesis.
  • Deficiency: Scurvy
  • Mega doses were advocate to prevent cold, but with no good supporting evidence. Does appear to promote good health.
  • Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant, inactivating free radicals, and therefore protects membrane from damage.
    • So does B-Carboteen and Vitamin E.
40
Q

FAT Soluble Vitamins

A

A

D

E

K

41
Q

Fat soluble vitamins general

A
  • of A D E K, only K has a cofactor function.
  • Because they are hydrophobic, they are not readily cleared in urine, and there are significant stores in liver and adipose tissue.
  • Unlike water soluble vitamins, excessive amounts of vitamins A and D can be toxic.
42
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol)

A
  • Active form: Retinoic acid in functions related to growth and maintenance of epithelium.
    • receptors in nucleus and regulate gene expression.
  • Active form: Retinol (in Rhodopsin) for visual transduction
  • Retinoids are molecules that look like prostaglandins with one leg removed.
  • stored in liver and transferred in plasma by Rtinol-Binding protein
  • Deficiency: night blindness
43
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • Active form: Calcitrol (1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol)
    • acts as a steroid hormone, altering gene expression
    • important role in regualting plasma Ca++ and PO4
  • Deficiency: Rickets in children (weak bones), Osteomalacia (in adults).
  • Toxicity: Most Toxic of all vitamins.
    • hypercalcemia —> Ca crystals in blood and kidney.
44
Q

Vitamin E

A
  • Active form: alpha-tocopherol is the most active of 8 tocopherols
  • major role: antioxidant
  • Deficiency: abnormal lipid absorption and transport, rare
45
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • important in blood Klotting
  • Note: Warfarin (coumadin), an analog of vitamin K inhibits blood clotting.
  • Deficiency: hypoprothrombinemia (increased bleeding)
  • Vitamin K required for:
    • Factors 2(prothrombin), 7, 9 10
      • made in liver

FLS (3 decks)

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