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Nursing > General Nursing > Flashcards

General Nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal Values of Potassium (K)

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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2
Q

Normal Values of Sodium (Na)

A

135-145 mEq/L

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3
Q

Normal Values of Calcium (Ca)

A

8.5-10.5 mg/L

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4
Q

Normal Values of Chloride (Cl)

A

95-105 mEq/L

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5
Q

Normal Values of Magnesium (Mg)

A

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

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6
Q

Normal Values of Phosphate (Phos)

A

2.5-4.5 mg/L

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7
Q

Normal Values of Red Blood Cells (RBC)

A

4.5-5.0 million

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8
Q

Normal Values of White Blood Cells (WBC)

A

5k-10k

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9
Q

Normal Values of Platelets (Plt)

A

200k-400k

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10
Q

Normal Values of Hemoglobins (Hgb)

A

12-16g (female)

14-18g (male)

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11
Q

Normal Values of pH

A

7.35-7.45

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12
Q

Normal Values of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A

35-45 mEq/L

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13
Q

Normal Values of Bicarbonate (HCO3)

A

24-26 mEq/L

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14
Q

Normal Values of Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2)

A

80-100%

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15
Q

Normal Values of Glucose

A

4-6 mmol/L (milimole per litre) or 70-110 mg/L

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16
Q

Normal Values of Hemoglobin A1C (HBA1C)

A

<7%

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17
Q

Normal Values of Specific Gravity

A

1.010-1.030

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18
Q

Normal Values of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

7-22 mg/dL

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19
Q

Normal Values of Creatinine

A

0.6-1.35 mg/dL

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20
Q

Normal Values of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

A

100-190 Units/L

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21
Q

Normal Values of Triglycerides

A

40-50 mg/dL

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22
Q

Normal Values of Total Cholesterol

A

130-200 mg/dL

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23
Q

Normal Values of Bilirubin

A

<1.9 mg/dL

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24
Q

Normal Values of Protein

A

6.2-8.1 g/dL

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25
Q

Normal Values Albumin

A

3.4-5.0 g/dL

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26
Q

Normal Values of Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

A

20-36 seconds

If on heparin: 1.5-2.5x normal

27
Q

Normal Values of Prothrombin Time (PT)

A

9-11 s

28
Q

Normal Values International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A

0.9-1.8

2-3 on warfarin

29
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Acetaminophen

A

10-30 mcg/mL

30
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Carbamazepine

A

5-12 mcg/L

31
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Digoxin

A

0.5-2 mg/mL

32
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Gentamicin

A

5-10 mcg/mL

33
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Lithium

A

0.5-1.2 mEq/L

34
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Magnesium Sulfate

A

4-7 mg/dL

35
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Phenobarbital

A

10-30 mcg/mL

36
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Phenytoin

A

10-20 mcg/mL

37
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Salicylate

A

100-250 mcg/L

38
Q

Therapeutic Medication Level of Valproic Acid

A

50-100 mcg/mL

39
Q

What is the Parkland Formula?

A

Parkland formula is used to determine the amount of fluid resuscitation needed in 24hrs after a burn.

4 mL x BSA (% of body burned) x kg

  • given half of this in the first 8 hours
  • remaining half given over 16 hours
40
Q

What is the rule of 9s?

A

Used to determine percent of body burned for Parkland Formula

Head 9%
Arms 18% (9% each)
Back 18%
Chest 18%
Legs 36% (18% each)
Genitalia 1%
41
Q

What does Intravascular refer to?

A

fluid inside a blood vessel

42
Q

What does Intracellular refer to?

A

fluid inside a cell (most bodily fluids are inside the cells)

43
Q

What does extracellular refer to?

A

fluid outside the cells (includes interstitial fluid [fluid between cells], blood, bone, connective tissue, water)

44
Q

What is an isotonic fluid?

A

0.9% NS, D5W, Lactated Ringers

No osmotic force=cells neither swell nor shrink

45
Q

What is a hypotonic fluid

A

0.45% NS, 0.33% NS

More dilute solutions (more water then solute) = causes water to enter cells *watch for edema

46
Q

what is a hypertonic fluid

A

3% NS, 5% NS, D10W, D5W with 1/2 NS, D5LR

More concentrated solution (more solute than water) = water is removed from cells

47
Q

what is a colloid

A

Dextran, Albumin

Fluid moves from interstitial to intravascular compartment *given in severe hypovolemia

48
Q

What are food that will increase Sodium?

A

bacon, butter, canned food, cheese, milk, condiments, salt, bread

Low Na = Low H2O (dry mucous membranes

High Na = High H2O

49
Q

What foods will increase Potassium?

A

avocado, banana, carrots, fish, oranges, potatoes, pork/beef, spinach, tomato

Low K= ST dep., shallow/flat/inverted T wave, U wave
High: tall peaked T wave, flat P wave, wide QRS

Potassium is never given by IV push. Always diluted in a minibag
*never given greater than 10mEq/hr

50
Q

What foods will increase calcium?

A

cheese milk, spinach, yogurt, tofu, sardines, greens

Low Ca: prolonged ST+QT
High Ca: shortened ST, wide T wave

Low Ca = positive Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s

51
Q

What foods increase magnesium?

A

avocado, leafy greens, milk, wheat, peanut butter, pork/beef/chicken, potatoes, yogurt

Low: tall T wave, depressed ST
High: prolonged ST, wide QRS

Antidote for magnesium toxicity = calcium gluconate

52
Q

what foods increase phosphorus?

A

fish, pumpkin, nuts, pork/beef/chicken, whole grain, dairy

decrease in phosphorus levels results in increase in calcium levels

53
Q

Which electrolytes have inverse relationships?

A

Sodium/Potassium; high Na = low K
Calcium/Phosphorus; high Ca = low Phos
Magnesium/Phorphorus; low Mg = high Phos

54
Q

Which electrolytes have similar relationships?

A

Calcium/Vit D; high Ca = high Vit D
Magnesium/Calcium; low Mg = low Ca
Magnesium/Potassium; low Mg= low K

55
Q

Low pH + high CO2 equals what

A

respiratory acidosis

conditions causing airway obstruction or depression

56
Q

Low pH + low HCO3 equals what

A

metabolic acidosis
insufficient insulin in pt w DM = DKA
severe diarrhea can cause metabolic acidosis

57
Q

High ph + low CO2 equals what

A

respiratory alkalosis

-any condition causing overstimulation of the respiratory system (hyperventilation, hysteria, overventilation, etc.)

58
Q

What is the Acid-Base formula

A
  1. Look at pH - is it low or too high?
    - Too low = acidosis
    - Too high = alkalosis
  2. Look at CO2 and see if it’s an opposite relationship from the pH (if pH was low and CO2 was high, or if pH was high and CO2 was low)
    - If YES, you have a respiratory imbalance
    - If NO (pH and CO2 have the same relationship - either both are high or both are low) move to #3
  3. Look at HCO3 and see if it has the same relationship as pH (both pH + HCO3 are high or both low)
    - If YES, you have a metabolic imbalance
  4. COMPENSATED: pH will be within the normal range (body has corrected the problem)
  5. PARTIALLY COMPENSATED: pH is not normal. Look at the system that is supposed to fix the problem (if you have a respiratory problem, the metabolic system will try to compensate and vice versa) and see if it is abnormal, which means it is trying to compensate
    - if YES, then you have PARTIAL compensation
    - if NO, then you have UNCOMPENSATION
59
Q

What happens to RR when in acidosis

A

RR will increase to attempt to exhale acids

60
Q

What will happen to RR in alkalosis

A

RR will decrease to try and retain CO2 in order to neutralize + decrease the strength of excess bicarb

61
Q

High pH + high HCO3 equals what

A

metabolic alkalosis

GI suctioning or severe vomiting can cause metabolic alkalosis

62
Q

What organ controls carbonic acid levels

A

The lungs. CO2 will either be retained or blown off

63
Q

What organ controls bicarb concentration?

A

The kidneys. They will retain or excrete bicarb. correcting acid/base balance by the kidneys takes hours to days

64
Q

What is the nursing process?

A

Assessing - Collecting data
Diagnosing - Figuring out the problem
Planning - How to best manage the problem
Implementing - Putting the plan into action
Evaluating - Did the plan work?

ADPIE

Nursing (4 decks)

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