General Notes For Mock

Question 1

What are supranational institutions

Answer 1

Organisations that share decision making and influence over its member states regarding national boundaries

Question 2

United Nations ( UN )

Answer 2

Maintain peace and security upholding international law

Protecting human rights

Providing humanitarian aid

Promoting sustainable development

Question 3

What is UNESCO

Structural role

Answer 3

Protect environment including oceans

Promotes cooperation and coordinates marine research effectively managing ocean resources

Question 4

What Is EU Structural role

Answer 4

Political economic union of European states

Marine framework aims to protect the marine environment in Europe

Question 5

What is G8/G7 Structural role

Answer 5

Intergovernmental political forum made up of USA, UM, Germany, Italy, France, Japan, Canada and Russia

The exclusion of Russia in 2014 created G7

Members meet annually to discuss economic policies

In 2017 G7 made oceans priority to protect and conserve resources

Question 6

What is the structural role of G20

Answer 6

Replacing G8 as main economic forum of wealthy nations

Developed action plan in 2017 to reduce plastic and waste in oceans

Question 7

What is G 77 structure / role

Answer 7

Committed to supporting UNs goal of conservation

Question 8

What is NATO Structure and role

Answer 8

Military alliance between 29 North American and European countries

Plays role in maritime security, tackling piracy in the Indian Ocean for example

Question 9

UNCLOS

United Nations convection on the law of the sea

Answer 9

168 countries have signed
Some landlocked countries won’t sign

Defined the rights and jurisdiction countries have over different parts of the ocean by establishing sea limits

Question 10

UNCLOS - territorial waters

Answer 10

Country has complete control of activity

Question 11

UNCLOS - contagious zone

Answer 11

Country has sovereignty and legal rights e.g customs and rules governing

Question 12

UNCLOS - exclusive economic zone ( EEZ )

Or

Exclusive fishing zone

Answer 12

Country has rights to control sea bed and water resources but sharing allowed in some situations

All countries have rights to sail or fly over the area

European region more complex with issues surrounding fishing unresolved

Question 13

UNCLOS - high seas

Answer 13

Outside area of legal rights of angle country

Certain international laws apply

Question 14

UN’s sustainability agreements

Answer 14

Preventing and reducing pollution

Sustainability managing marine ecosystems

Ending overfishing

Question 15

EU marine directive

Answer 15

Each member state required to develop a strategy for its marine waters that Is renewed every 6 years

Question 16

What are chokepoints

Answer 16

Narrow channels along widely used global sea routes

Example Suez Canal between red and Mediterranean seas 5.5 million barrels of oil transported through per day in 2016

Reduces travelling time from east Europe to America

Question 17

Impacts of blocking choke points

Answer 17

Oil prices rise due to lower supply rate

Leaves tankers vulnerable to attacks or theft

Increasing the risk of shipping accidents and oil spills

Question 18

Hotspots for piracy

Answer 18

Coast of Somalia and Indian Ocean

Question 19

Economic costs of Somalian pirates ?

Answer 19

$7 billion in 2010 reduced to $1.7 billion by 2016

Question 20

Trend facts about trade at sea

Answer 20

90% of trade is carried by sea

Growth in trade resulting from globalisation led to 400% increase in number of ships at sea since 1990s

Developing countries account for 59% of exports and 64% of imports

Oil shopping makes up for 30% of maritime trade

Question 21

Ships are allowed to pass through territorial waters under what UNCLOS law?

Answer 21

Right to peaceful passage

Question 22

Sea floor cable networks

Answer 22

Increase in technology required a demand for data

Distribution of sea floor cables shows inequalities between continents reflecting population size and access to digital technology

SEA - ME - WE 5 cable is 20,000 km and links south east Asia with Middle East and Western Europe

Google and Microsoft are major investors in new cables

Question 23

Risks of seafloor cables

Answer 23

Earthquakes can Create undersea landslides which can damage cables, slowing data traffic and costly to repair

Tsunamis- due to Sea bed erosion and landslides caused by tsunamis

Meteorological events storm surges rainfall and tropical storms can damage cables close to the shore

Current abrasion - 6% of faults are caused by water movements scraping cables against rocks

Fishing and anchors - caused by trawler nets and anchors dragging on seabed catching on cables

International cable cut - sabotage is rare due to difficulties accessing cables but can happen e.g 3 men tried cutting cable in Egypt which resulted in 60% drop in internet speeds

Question 24

UNCLOS law to protect seabed cables

Answer 24

No fishing or anchoring zones near cables

Cable owners are allowed to use radar tracking monitors ship movements and can earn ships too close to their cables

Question 25

Geopolitical tensions and contested ownership of EEZs

Answer 25

If overlap causing countries to disagree

China claimed Island groups including man made islands

Gives China access t more possible resources and control over oil transport routes

Surrounding countries especially the Philippians contest the claims

78 countries want to extend their rights to the continental shelf

Question 26

What is the continental shelf

Answer 26

The continental shelf is a broad relatively shallow gently sloping section of seabed which is part of the continental crust

Question 27

Landlocked countries facts about trade with oceans

Answer 27

Have a right to access oceans through other countries but can be difficult

Goods can be delayed on border crossings e.g in Uganda where it takes ) days longer than domestic goods to leave ya Zia’s fat es salaam port

Difficulties in trade can leave to slower economic growth ( 16 landlocked countries are the poorest in the world )

Question 28

What are the global commons ?

Answer 28

Global scale natural assets that are outside jurisdiction of any nation they include the high seas atmosphere Antarctica and outer space

Question 29

What is over-exploitation?

Answer 29

Involves harvesting species from the wild at a rate faster than the natural population can recover