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Biology 30: Nervous System > General Nervous System > Flashcards

General Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What two systems are peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

Which systems receives info from an external system?

A

Somatic

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5
Q

What system carries sensory information sent to the brain

A

Somatic nervous system

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6
Q

list 4 properties of somatic system

A

external, voluntary, cranial nerves and myelinated spinal nerves, targets skin skeletal and tendon, connect spinal to body

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7
Q

How is an electrical gradient established

A

Difference in charge, like when outside neuron is more positive than inside at resting

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8
Q

autonimic nervous system sends information from…

A

Internal environment

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9
Q

Which system is under voluntary control

A

Somatic

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10
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system involuntarily control?

A

Glandular secretions (sweat) and cardiac muscles (heart rate, blood pressure digestion, breathing)

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11
Q

what impact does sympathetic system have on adrenal gland

A

triggers secretion of epinephrine and norepehrine in the medulla

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12
Q

when is parasympathetic activated

A

when body is at homeostasis

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13
Q

which system is our fight or flight response

A

sympathetic

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14
Q

what does parasympathetic system use as a neurotransmitter to control organ response

A

acetylcholine (ach)

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15
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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16
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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17
Q

What is the subdivision of autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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18
Q

Name three properties of the sympathetic system?

A

Speeds up processes such as heart rate, are nerves that transmit impulses when stressed, connects spinal cord to rest of body

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19
Q

Name three properties of the parasympathetic system?

A

Transmits impulses when body returns back to its normal state after stress, slows down heart rate and blood pressure, connects brain to rest of body

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20
Q

The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells:

A

Neurons and glial cells

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21
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. Defending against infections and removing waste. They account for about half of the volume of the nervous system.

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22
Q

Neurons

A

respond to physical and chemical stimuli, to conduct electrochemical signal

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23
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons/integration

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24
Q

motor output

A

a response to integrated stimuli; the response activates muscles or glands

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25
Q

sensory input

A

Information gathered by sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Located in ganglia next to the spinal

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26
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. They act as a link between the sensory and motor neurons. Located in CNS

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27
Q

Three components of the neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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28
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that receive stimuli

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29
Q

cell body

A

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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30
Q

Axon

A

long cylinder carrying impulse to next neuron or to effector.

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31
Q

effectors of autonomic nervous system

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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32
Q

Neurilemma function

A

helps regenerate injured axons/ neuron. Neurons without a neurilemma cannot

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33
Q

reflex arc

A

A direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement. Occurs through spinal cord

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34
Q

In steps, explain the reflex arc

A
  1. Receptors sense pressure and initiate an impulse in the sensory neuron
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35
Q

Why, after stepping on a stone, you would not feel pain or cry out until after your foot was withdrawn?

A

Because reflex arc moves directly to and from the CNS before the brain centres involved with voluntary control have time to process the sensory information.

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36
Q

5 components that make up the reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
37
Q

near

A

70mV

38
Q

the membrane registers at

A

40mV

39
Q

action potential

A

a nerve impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

40
Q

The resting potential

A

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

41
Q

The concentration of potassium at resting potential is

A

Is high inside the neuron

42
Q

The concentration of sodium at resting potential is

A

High outside the neuron

43
Q

The relative charge outside the neuron is

A

more positive than inside the neuron

44
Q

What causes the opening of sodium channels?

A

When the dendrites of a neuron receive a stimulus the cell membrane becomes more permeable to Na+ by opening specific sodium ion channels.

45
Q

What stops action potentials from moving backward along cell membrane?

A

It can only produce another action potential at resting, so during refractory it cannot produce another because it is hyper polarized

46
Q

How does sodium enter the neuron?

A

Na+ enters the neuron by facilitated diffusion

47
Q

Depolarization

A

The process during the action potential when sodium is enters the neuron causing the inside to become more positive.

48
Q

Repolarization

A

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell and thus restoring a positive charge

49
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

the outside of the neuron is more positive than when it is at the resting potential

50
Q

What causes hyperpolarization

A

the potassium channels close more slowly, more potassium ions leave the neuron than sodium ions that have entered the neuron, leaving the neuron in a state of hyperpolarization

51
Q

What restores the resting neuron potential?

A

a sodium-potassium pump begins to pump 3 Na+ out of the neuron and pumps 2 K+ into the neuron.

52
Q

refractory period

A

The time taken for the membrane to return to the resting potential after repolarization

53
Q

Complete repolarization must occur before

A

There’s another nerve impulse

54
Q

Order of events for membrane potential

A
  1. Resting Membrane
55
Q

threshold level of a neuron

A

the minimum level of stimulus required to trigger action potential

56
Q

Any level below -55mV will…

A

NOT generate a nerve impulse

57
Q

all-or-none response

A

When the threshold level of a neuron has been reached, the action potential generated creates a complete response. Increasing the intensity of a stimulus does not increase the intensity of the action potential. — A nerve fibre will respond either completely or not at all to a stimulus

58
Q

What two ways can the intensity of stimulus be increased?

A

a) Increase the number of neurons being stimulated

59
Q

How does autonomic system compare to somatic?

A

Autonomic is involuntary, gets info from internal environment, controls glandular secretions and cardiac muscles. Somatic is voluntary and from external environment and connects the CNS to skeletal muscles

60
Q

The relative charge inside a neuron is….?

A

More negative

61
Q

Where do motor neurons carry information to?

A

Skeletal muscles

62
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurons, or a neuron and an effector

63
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle

64
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross between neurons or from neuron to effector

65
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from a neuron that excite the next neuron into firing

66
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

inhibit the next cell from firing

67
Q

At each stage in membrane potential graph, what is happening? What is the charges?

A

Resting its at -70MV, depolarization na channels open and they diffuse into the inside of the neuron making it positive on the inside , repolarization k channels open and they move inside making it more negative

68
Q

Membrane potential

A

the voltage difference across a membrane

69
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

70
Q

How is nerve impulse transmitted from one neuron to another if the neurons do not touch

A

If its myelinated it goes through nodes of ranvier and synapse, if its not its through depolarization

71
Q

What are the steps for How is nerve impulse transmitted from one neuron to another if the neurons do not touch

A

Impulse nerve reaches end of axon, neurotransmitters release to synapse, vessels break down

72
Q

What system is sensory and motor neurons part of

A

Somatic

73
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

This is a primary neurotransmitter that transmits impulses across the synaptic cleft.

74
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory; produces muscles contractions, memory formation

75
Q

What does it mean if you’re acetylcholine deficit?

A

Alzheimer’s

76
Q

Where’s acetylcholine found

A

In motor neurons

77
Q

What is the cause of depolarization?

A

When many action potentials are generated one after another along the cell membrane and sodium ions rush into the cell

78
Q

If axon is myelinated, action potential is only generated at

A

nodes of ranvier

79
Q

Myelination

A

Axon part that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

80
Q

How can acetylcholine be a problem?

A

If continuous presence, it’ll cause a constant state of depolarization as sodium channels are constantly open

81
Q

membrane potential

A

the voltage difference across a membrane

82
Q

If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the receptor will trigger

A

potassium channels to open, allowing potassium ions to flow out. Results in a more negative transmembrane potential resulting in hyperpolarization

83
Q

Causes hyperpolarization

A

Slow to close K+ channels and slow to open sodium channels,

84
Q

What happens if stimulus causes sufficient depolarization to reach the threshold potential of the membrane

A

Action potential in all or none response

85
Q

Myelinated neurons make up

A

white matter of cns

86
Q

If the motor area of the right cerebral cortex was damaged in an automobile accident, which side of the body would be affected

A

Left side of body. each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body.

87
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons

88
Q

grey matter

A

unmyelinated neuron cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons

89
Q

synapse transmission steps

A
  1. impulse travels to synaptic terminal

Biology 30: Nervous System (1 decks)

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