General Micro Flashcards
Clostridium Perfringens
- Releases an EXoToXin where at?
- What are 7 things this EXoToxin causes?
Clostridium Perfringens
- Releases EXoToXin in the small intestine (Enterotoxin)
- ºHemolysis
ºChanges permeability of intestinal epithelium
ºDestroys Protein as Protease AND Stops Protein Synthesis
ºSkin Peeling & Shock
ºDestroys Leukocytes
ºInduces Fibrin clotting
What type of Secretory Apparatus do most bacteria use to excrete their EXoToXins?
Type 3 Secretory Apparatus
1a: List the 4 Phases of Bacterial Growth
1b: What are the 3 factors that affect Bacterial Growth?
1a: Lag—> Exponential growth—> Stationary—-> Death
1b:
- How much O2 do they have?
- Temperature?
- What Medium are they in?
How are Novobiocin and Quinolines used as effective ABx?
Bacteria need GYRASE in order to complete their DNA Replication process —> Bacterial growth
-Novobiocin & Quinolines INHIBIT GYRASE in bacteria preventing DNA replication
What is unique about Transcription and Translation in Bacteria?
Bacterial Transcription and Translation ARE COUPLED TOGETHER!
How does Peptidoglycan Synthesis and installment occur?
__ ___ __ inside the bacteria produce Peptidoglycans. Those Peptidoglycans then travel toward the _______ membrane, cross over into the _____ _____ and install themselves into the [Peptidoglycan _____ _____ network]. This _____ _____ network is held together by short _____ bonds between the [Peptidoglycan Sugar chains]
B: The [_____ _____] is responsible for giving the bacteria its SHAPE!
[Penicillin Binding Proteins] inside the bacteria produce Peptidoglycans. Those Peptidoglycans then travel toward the inner membrane, cross over into the cell wall and install themselves into the [Peptidoglycan cell wall network]. This Cell wall network is held together by short peptide bonds between the [Peptidoglycan Sugar chains]
B: The [Cell Wall] is responsible for giving the bacteria its SHAPE!
What occurs during the Stationary Phase of bacterial growth? (4)
Stationary Phase (INCLUDES THE TRANSITION PHASE) is when bacteria “pause” to address the increase in stressors within their environment.
- Some bacteria are dying (because of depletion of nutrients or excess toxins from metabolism)
- Some bacteria continue to divide and grow
- Phase is characteristic of a steady state concentration of bacteria
A: What are Siderophores?
B: What molecule do they specifically target?
A: Siderophores are “bacteria minions” that are released by bacteria to take up external IRON and return it to the bacteria. Siderophores are then recycled and spit back out to grab more IRON
B: IRON
For LOCAL ANESTHETICS:
What is the primary determinant for [Local Anesthetic DURATION]
PROTEIN BINDING
For LOCAL ANESTHETICS:
What is the primary determinant for [Local Anesthetic POTENCY]
Lipophillicity (More Lipophillic = MORE POTENT)
For LOCAL ANESTHETICS:
What is the primary determinant for [Local Anesthetic ONSET TIME]
[environmental pH] and [pKa of Drug]
[Drugs in NON-ionized form are able to cross bi-layer lipid membrane]
During a Thoracic Local Anesthetic Blockade, why is there sometimes Respiratory Arrest?
low blood flow from sympathomectomy (B-fibers become anesthetized first because they’re small) —> hypOperfusion of respiratory center in the brain –> Apnea
Max Recommended Dose for Bupivicaine
A: Adult?
B: neonate?
Bupivicaine MAX DOSE
Adult: 3 mg/kg
Neonate: 2.5 mg/kg
Max Recommended Dose for Lidocaine
A: Adult?
B: Adult WITH EPI?
Lidocaine (NOT HIGHLY PROTEIN BOUND) MAX DOSE
Adult: 5 mg/kg
Adult WITH EPI: 7 mg/kg
What is the order a paralysis after administering a neuromuscular relaxant considering Receptor Reserve?
1st: Extraocular m.
2nd: [Hands and Feet]
3rd: [Head and Neck]
4th: [Abdomen and Extremities]
5th: Respiratory Muscle
