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CMT > General Medical > Flashcards

General Medical Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classifications of CBRN agents?

A

Lethal, Damaging, Incapacitating

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2
Q

What are the routes of entry for CBRN agents?

A

Inhalation, Absorption, Ingestion

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3
Q

What are the categories of chemical agents?

A

Non-persistent, Semi-persistent, Persistent

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

It gives shape, support and rigidity to the body frame.

It protects vital organs, e.g. brain, lung, heart etc.

It provides an articulated frame which allows movement.

Certain bones contain marrow which produces blood cells

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of bone?

A

Long, Short, Flat

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6
Q

Definition of nasogastric intubation?

A

The passing of a nasogastric tube via the nasal passage down the oesophagus into the stomach

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7
Q

Indications for a nasogastric tube?

A

Prior to intubation to decompress stomach, pre or post abdominal surgery, suspected intestinal obstruction, suspected peritonitis.

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8
Q

Contraindications of nasogastric tube?

A

Nasal trauma, suspected base of skull fracture.

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9
Q

Complications of nasogastric tube?

A

Passing tube into the trachea, coiling of NG tube,induce vomiting, damage to nasal passage.

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10
Q

Equipment needed for Nasogatric Intubation?

A

Gloves, 14Fg nasogastric tube, collection bag, gauze swabs, 50ml syringe, glass of water, pH paper, galipot, kidney dish, forceps, tape.

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11
Q

Definition of urinary catheterisation?

A

The passing of a urethral catheter into the bladder by the urethral or supra-pubic route for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

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12
Q

Indications for urinary catheterisation?

A

careful monitoring of fluid balance, casualty is unable to pass urine do to spinal injury, abdominal/pelvic injuries, head injuries, post anaesthetic, unmanageable incontinence.

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13
Q

Contra-indications for urinary catheterisation?

A

Major pelvic fractures, Urethral bleeding.

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14
Q

Complications of urinary catheterisation?

A

Damage to the urethra, local urinary tract infection, uretic catheterisation.

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15
Q

What is a blister agent?

A

A liquid that damages cell DNA resulting in death or exposure of tissue. e.g. mustard and lewsite

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of blister agent when the skin is contaminated?

A

slow onset, local redness, blistering of the skin, deep destruction of tissue after 2 days.

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of blister agent when the eyes are contaminated?

A

slow onset, burning pain, streaming eyes, photophobia, temporary blindness.

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18
Q

Signs and symptoms of blister agent when respiratory tract is contaminated?

A

slow onset, running nose, rapid shallow breathing, severe respiratory distress, pulmonary oedema, pnumothorax, bronchitis.

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19
Q

Definition of a choking agent?

A

damages cell membranes in respiratory tract. e.g. chlorine and phosgene.

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20
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a choking agent?

A

May be slow onset 30 mins - 24hrs, mild eye irratation, coughing, pulmonary oedema.

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21
Q

Definition of a blood agent?

A

A blood agent is a non-persistant agent that is taken into the body via inhilation.

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22
Q

Signs and symptoms of a blood agent?

A

cherry red complexion, uncontrollable deep breathing, irritation of eyes and nose, tight chest, coughing, head aches, dizziness and nausea.

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23
Q

Definition of a nerve agent?

A

A potentially lethal chemical agent which interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses.

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24
Q

Early signs and symptoms of a nerve agent?

A

Dimness of vision
Running nose
Pin point pupils
Tightness of chest

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25
Q

Later signs and symptoms of a nerve agent?

A

Head aches
Increase saliva
Dizziness and general weakness
Excessive sweating

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26
Q

Danger signs of a nerve agent?

A

Nausea and vomiting
Involuntary deification and urinating
Muscle Spasms
Stop breathing

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27
Q

Signs and symptoms of atropine overdose?

A

Hot dry skin
A dry mouth
Rapid pulse
Enlarged pupils

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28
Q

Definition of a biological agent?

A

A micro-organism or biological product which causes disease in man, animals and plants.

29
Q

Scene management?

A 
Control
Safety
Communications
Assessment
Triage
Treatment
Transport
30
Q

Timings for trauma death?

A

Instantaneous 0 - 10 mins
Early 2 hours
Delayed Days later

31
Q

Stages of a Blast?

A 
Blast wave
Blast wind
Frag and bullets
Burns
Crush
Psychological
32
Q

Two types of hazard?

A

Potential

Actual

33
Q

3 components of the hazard spectrum?

A

Trauma and burns
Medical and toxicological
Enviromental

34
Q

MIMMS command structure?

A

Bronze - sight of incident/inner cordon
Silver - command area/outer cordon
Gold - restriction zone

35
Q

3 types of asthma?

A

Mild
Severe
Life threatening

36
Q

Signs and symptoms of mild asthma?

A 
Talking
Raised RR
And tachycardia
Medical history
PEFR more than 50%
37
Q

Signs and symptoms of severe asthma?

A 
Cant complete sentences
RR more than 25
And tachycardia
Wheezing
Low PEFR less than 50%
38
Q

Signs and symptoms of life threatening asthma?

A 
Silent chest
Cyanosis
Restlessness
Unconscious
Bradycardia
39
Q

What is in the upper airway?

A 
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Bronchioles
Pleura
Diaphragm
40
Q

Chest injuries?

A 
Blast 
Lung
Airway obstruction
Tension pneumothorax 
Open pneumothorax
Massive haemothorax
Flail segment
Cardiac tamponade
41
Q

Causes of Anaphylaxis?

A 
Drugs
Foods
Insects
Blood transfution
Snakes
42
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis?

A 
History
Pruritis (itching)
Rash
Swelling of face
Nausea and vomiting
Pallor
43
Q

Management of anaphylaxis?

A 
Lay down, legs elevated
Remove stings
Remove food allergens 
Epinephrine 1:1000
Evacuate
44
Q

Two types of closed wound?

A

Fractures

Internal haemorrhage

45
Q

Internal bleed check?

A 
Chest
Retroperitonial 
Abdomen
Missed long bones
Pelvis
46
Q

Treatment of a fracture?

A 
Arrest haemorrhage
Don't move casualty unnecessarily 
Support fracture via splinting
treat shock
Reassure
Pain relief
47
Q

Treatment of internal bleed?

A 
Compression of injured sighht
Elevation
Requires urgent evacuation
Blood transfusion
Surgical intervention
48
Q

Types of open wound?

A 
Laceration
Incision
Implement
Puncture
Absorption
Burn
GSW/frag
External haemorrhages
49
Q

Treatment of open wound?

A

Direct pressure
Elevate limb
Indirect pressure
Splinting of any associated fractures

50
Q

Complications of cannulation?

A 
Cannula kink
Cannula shear
Missed vein
Perforated vein
Haematoma
Damage to other structures
51
Q

Cannula Size? and what used for?

A

Pink Fluid maintenance
Green Blood transfusion
Grey Trauma
Orange/Brown Trauma

52
Q

Cannulation sites?

A

Median cubical vein
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein

53
Q

Types of shock?

A 
Hypovolaemic shock
Anaphylactic shock
Septic shock
Neurogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock
54
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock?

A 
Reduced blood pressure
Increase in pulse and resp rate
Pale, cold and clammy
Poor urine output
Altered level of conscious
Anxiety 
Hypoxia, organ failure
Death
55
Q

Components of the nervous system?

A 
Cerebrum 
Mid-brain
pons varoli
Medulla oblangata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
56
Q

Causes of unconsciousness?

A 
Fainting
Inter-cranial pressure
Severe haemorrhage
Head injury
Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Infection
Epilepsy
Poisoning
Drug/alcohol ingestion
Cardiac arrest
57
Q

Bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils?

A 
Dead
Hypoxia
Hypovolaemia
Atropine
Ecstacy
58
Q

Unilaterally fixed and dilated pupils?

A

Brain injury

Stroke

59
Q

Bilaterally pinpointed pupils?

A

Opiate overdose

60
Q

Irregular pupils?

A

Trauma
Eye operation
Stigmatism

61
Q

Types of seizures?

A

Partial

Generalised

62
Q

Causes of seizures?

A 
Mental illness
Battle shock
Drugs intoxication
Hyperventilation
Hypothermia
Grand mal epilepsy
63
Q

Definition of poisoning?

A

Any substance that is taken in sufficient quantity that can cause harm.

64
Q

Recognition of poisoning?

A

Quick Hx
Ask what was taken
Past history of depression, suicide attempts
Exposure to chemicals and what type

65
Q

Definition of diabetes?

A

A lack of insulin available for carbohydrate metabolism which can lead to an altered blood sugar level.

66
Q

Types of diabetes?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Hyperglycaemia

67
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A 
Hx of diabetes
Sweaty
Tachycardia
Dizziness/weakness
Tremors
Aggressive
Un-coordinated
Reduced LOC
68
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

A 
Excessive
Polyuria
Rapid weak pulse
Deep laboured breathing
Ketosis
Confusion
Hypo-tension
Coma
69
Q

Classifications of head injuries?

A

Scalp wounds
Skull fractures
Brain injuries

CMT (1 decks)

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