General knowledge for exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four principles of growth?
A
growth rates aren’t constant
different parts of the body grow at different rates
growth rates vary between children
boys usually grow faster than girls
2
Q
how do you record growth?
A
using centile lines
3
Q
What is measured on the body of babies?
A
Head circumference, length and weight
4
Q
What is a centile chart?
A
lines that represent the norms of babies growth
5
Q
What is gripping?
A
Having strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly
6
Q
what activity promotes gripping?
A
holding a rattle
7
Q
what is manipulation?
A
movement of objects using fingers and hands such as twisting and turning
8
Q
what activity promotes manipulation?
A
building blocks
9
Q
what is hand-eye coordination?
A
control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement
10
Q
what activity promotes hand-eye coordination?
A
writing
11
Q
what can a baby say at 0-3 months?
A
gurgles
12
Q
what can a baby say at 18 months?
A
six to ten words
13
Q
what can a child say at 2 years?
A
links words together
14
Q
what can a child say at 3 years?
A
simple sentences
15
Q
what can a child say at 8 years?
A
can reason and explain
16
Q
how do gross motor skills of an infant develop?
A
from the head down
17
Q
what can a child do at 6 months for gross motor?
A
control muscles in their neck and back. they can roll and crawl
18
Q
what can a child do at 11-13 months gross motor?
A
can stand and walk
19
Q
what can a child do at 2 years?
A
climb on furniture and kick a ball
20
Q
what can a child do at 3 years old? gross
A
run
21
Q
what can a child do at 4 years old? gross
A
kick and throw a ball
22
Q
what can a child do at 5 years? gross
A
hopscotch
23
Q
what can a child do at 6 years? gross
A
ride a bike
24
Q
what can a child do at 7? gross
A
skip
25
what can a child do at 8 years? gross
take part in loads of sports
26
what can a child do at 3 years? fine
hold a pencil
27
what can a child do at 4 years? fine
undo and do up buttons
28
what can a child do at 5 years? fine
dress and undress on their own
29
what can a child do at 6 years? fine
tie shoelaces
30
what can a child do at 7 years? fine
draw in some detail
31
what can a child do at 8 years? fine
excellent control over muscles and writing
32
what can a newborn do?
primitive reflexes e.g. grasping
33
what can a child aged 3 months do?
can lift head and chest when lying on front
34
what can a child aged 6 months do?
roll over and sit up for a short time without support
35
what can a child aged 9-10 months do?
crawl and begin to walk a little
36
what can a child aged 18 months do?
climb on furniture
37
what can a child aged 2 and a half years do?
jump from a low step
38
what can a 12 month old baby say?
imitates simple words
39
what can a 9 month old say?
repeats syllables
40
what can a 6 month old baby say?
echolalia, they repeat the last word they hear
41
what can a child say at 4 years?
uses questions
42
what can a child say at 5 years old?
speech is grammatically correct
43
define puberty
puberty starts when a hormone in the brain sends a signal to the pituitary gland, which releases hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes
44
what is the hormone released in boys and where is it produced?
testosterone is produced in the testes
45
what is the hormone released in girls and where is it produced?
oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries
46
what are primary sexual characteristics?
they're related to sex organs that are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released
47
what are secondary sexual characteristics?
these aren't linked to reproduction, but they develop when sex hormones are released. they aren't present at birth
48
what are primary sexual characteristics for girls?
menstruation begins
uterus and vagina grow
49
what are primary sexual characteristics for boys?
penis enlarges
testes enlarge and produce sperm
50
what are secondary sexual characteristics for girls?
growth of arm and pubic hair
breasts enlarge
hips widen
51
what are secondary sexual characteristics for boys?
facial and pubic hair
larynx grows and voice breaks
growth spurt
52
what happens to individuals in early adulthood?
they reach full height and strength
most fertile and can become pregnant
53
what happens to women who are between 40-45?
they reach the end of their reproductive years. its called the PERIMENOPAUSE
54
what happens during the menopause?
there's a reduction in oestrogen which causes physical and emotional symptoms
55
what are the effects of the menopause?
vaginal dryness
night sweats
mood swings
hot flushes
56
what are the signs of ageing?
greying hair
menstruation ends
loss of height
57
define menopause
natural physiological change experienced in women in middle adulthood
58
what is the role of oestrogen?
regulates ovulation
59
what is the role of progesterone?
implantation of fertilised eggs in the uterus, maintains pregnancy and sexual health
60
what does a reduction in oestrogen cause?
ovaries stop producing eggs
mood swings
night sweats
61
what does a reduction in oestrogen and progesterone cause?
gradually stops menstruation
impacts libido (sex drive)
62
what happens to the mind when people age?
loss of memory
loss of recall
speed of thinking is slower
63
what are the types of intellectual development?
problem solving
moral development
memory
abstract thought and creative thinking
language development
64
what happens intellectually to an infant or someone in early childhood?
rapid intellectual development. 90% of neurone connections are made by 5 years old
65
what happens intellectually to someone in early adulthood?
individuals have gained knowledge and experience
past experiences are used to make judgements. thinking is realistic and logical
66
what happens intellectually to someone in later adulthood?
continue to learn new skills and knowledge. intelligence doesn't change but short term memory declines
67
define attachment
the emotional bond that is formed between infants and young children and their main carer
68
according to Schaffer and Emmerson's stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from birth to 3 months?
respond to any caregiver
69
according to Schaffer and Emmerson's stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from 4-7 months?
preference for primary caregivers but accepts care from others
70
according to Schaffer and Emmerson's stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from 7-9 months?
seeks comfort from primary caregiver and are unhappy when separated
71
according to Schaffer and Emmerson's stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people aged 10 months onwards?
begins to develop attachments with others. by 18 months, infants have formed multiple attachments
72
define self-concept
its an individuals evaluation of their own self-worth
73
define self-image
how individuals view themselves, influenced by how they are perceived by others
74
define self-esteem
how individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves
75
what are factors that affect self-image and esteem?
family
friends
achievements
76
define solo-play (0-2 years)
infant plays by themselves with toys. they may be aware of other infants are present but don't attempt to play with them
77
define parallel play (2-3 years)
children play alongside others but still play by themselves. they don't interact with others
78
define co-operative play (3 years and over)
children are sharing, talking and playing together
79
what year does a child begin to make close friendships?
3 years old
80
define formal relationship
develops between non-related individuals e.g. colleagues and teachers.
81
define intimate relationship
between in adolescence and new ones form throughout life. they result in greater contentment, emotional security and positive self-image
82
define informal relationships
built between individuals and family or significant people
83
define independence
involves doing things for oneself and making decisions without relying on others
84
what is independence influenced by?
physical disability
culture
health
85
what are possible negative behaviours due to peer pressure?
smoking, drugs, bullying
86
what are possible positive behaviours due to peer pressure?
studying, eating healthily, taking part in sport
87
define nature
the influence of inherited features on development
88
define nurture
influence of the environment and nurturing
89
define genes
sets of instructions to the cells that determine growth and development
90
how may pairs of chromosomes are inherited from each parent?
23 pairs
91
what is a dominant gene?
needs only to be passed from one parent for a child t develop a condition
92
what genetic conditions are caused by a dominant gene?
brittle bone disease
huntingtons disease
93
what is a recessive gene?
must be passed on from both parents for the child to develop the condition
94
what genetic conditions are caused by a recessive gene?
cystic fibrosis
PKU
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
95
what are conditions caused by an abnormality in an individuals chromosomes?
downs syndrome
klienfelter syndrome
colour blindness
96
what does 'genetic susceptibility to disease' mean?
means there's an increased likelihood of developing a disease because of an individuals genetic makeup
97
what are the other factors that affect disease?
environmental factors
lifestyle
life events
98
define condition
an abnormal state of health that impacts on wellbeing
99
define disease
a disorder of the function or structure of the body
100
define biological factors
those that affect the development of a living organism
101
what are poor lifestyle factors that can affect an unborn baby?
by the mother smoking, drug use, alcohol and poor diet
102
what are the effects on the baby due to the mothers poor lifestyle choices?
learning disabilities
long-term health problems
premature birth
103
which infections can the mother contract that can move through the placenta to the child?
rubella
cytomegalovirus
104
what are problems caused by the mother contracting infections while pregnant for the child?
still birth
miscarriage
health problems
105
what are the effects of foetal alcohol syndrome?
small head circumference
facial abnormalities
development delay
106
what are congenital anomalies?
defects or anomalies in the developing foetus such as congenital heart disease or club foot
107
what are factors contributing to congenital anomalies?
genetic
environmental
infections
nutritional
108
what are conditions caused by pollutants?
asthma
| heart attack
109
what are the possible effects of housing conditions?
damp/mould leads to respiratory disorders
overcrowding- leads to anxiety and depression
poor sanitation- risk of infections
110
what are characteristics of a dysfunctional family?
conflict and sibling rivalry
abuse
members don't carry out responsibilities
111
what are the reasons for family dysfunction?
alcohol and drug use
untreated mental illness
parents treat their children how they were brought up
112
what is the impact of dysfunction?
negative self-image
difficulty building friendships and relationships
113
what are effects of parental divorce?
stress
isolation
increased likelihood or drug or alcohol use
114
what is the authoritative parenting style?
children are accepted for who they are and there is mutual love and respect
115
what is the permissive parenting style?
parents are indulgent. they don't attempt to control behaviour
116
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
parents control their children
117
what is the disengaged/ uninvolved parenting style?
parents are neglectful and show a lack of interest
118
what are examples of verbal abuse?
name calling, making hurtful comments
119
what are the effects of emotional bullying?
causes psychological hurt such as ignoring, excluding and spreading rumours
120
what is physical bullying?
includes hitting, slapping and punching
121
what is cyber bullying?
sending hurtful messages on the internet and posting inappropriate photos
122
what are short term effects of bullying?
stress/anxiety
eating disorders
withdrawal from school
123
what are long-term effects of bullying?
self-harm
increased risk of suicide
poor academic achievement
124
what does culture influence?
dress
diet
relationships
125
what are examples of lifestyle rules in religion?
dietary restrictions
fasting
medical interventions
126
what are positive social and emotional effects of culture and beliefs?
feel accepted
feel valued
127
what are negative social ad emotional effects of culture and beliefs?
people are discriminated against
exclusion
128
what are economic factors?
income and expenditure
lifestyle and health
employment status
education
129
what are examples of life events?
moving house
leaving home
having children
marriage
130
what are predictable life events?
events that are likely to happen to happen to most people
131
what are examples of predictable life events?
starting school
starting work
132
what are unpredictable life events?
events that aren't expected
133
what are examples of unpredictable life events?
an accident
serious illness
134
what happens to the heart as we age?
artery walls narrow due to clogging
the valves inside the heart become stiffer
135
what are health factors that can cause heart disease?
obesity
high blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
136
what are lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
lack of exercise
alcohol
smoking
137
what are negative effects of cardiovascular disease in later life?
loss of independence
depression
anxiety
138
what are positive effects pf cardiovascular disease in later life?
closer relationships with family members and friends
choosing to improve lifestyle
139
what does degeneration of nervous tissue cause?
decline in short-term memory
reduction of reflexes and movement
140
define nerves
pathways that carry messages along the spinal cord between the brain and the different parts of the body
141
what is Parkinson's disease?
affects the neurones in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra
142
what are physical effects of Parkinson's disease?
tremors
mobility
143
what are cognitive effects of Parkinson's disease?
depression
anxiety
impairment in thinking and problem solving
144
how is taste impacted as you age?
number of taste buds decrease
less saliva production affecting taste and enjoyment of food
145
how is touch impacted as you age?
reduced sensitivity to temperature
reduced sensitivity to injury
146
how is sight impacted with age?
vision becomes less sharp
cataracts may develop
147
how is hearing impacted with age?
tinnitus
ability to hear high-frequency noises
148
what does degeneration of sense organs cause?
loss of independence
anxiety
isolation
low self-image
149
what is osteoarthritis?
swelling and pain in joints, damage to the soft tissue around joints and difficulty walking
150
what is osteoarthritis caused by?
obesity
being female
being over 40
151
define dementia
used to describe symptoms associated with damage to the function of the brain, such as memory loss
152
what happens in the early stage of Alzheimers ?
decline in short term memory
153
what happens in the later stage of Alzheimers?
emotional outbursts and language impairment
154
what happens in the final stage of Alzheimers?
unable to recognise family members and death
155
what lifestyle factors increase the likelihood of dementia?
smoking
unhealthy diet
156
what is Alzheimers?
it's the most common cause of dementia. proteins called plates and tangles build up in the brain.
157
what support can a person receive in the early stages of Alzheimers?
medication
158
what support can a person receive in the later stage of Alzheimers?
support in the home as well as personal care
159
what support can a person receive in the final stage of Alzheimers?
end of life care
160
what are the physical effects of illness?
causes pain and discomfort
makes the body less able to fight infections
161
what are the intellectual effects of illness?
cause short-term memory loss
cause difficulty in verbal communication
162
what are the emotional effects of illness?
cause lack of control of feelings
low self-esteem
163
what are the social effects of illness?
reduces opportunity and ability to socialise
affect ability to communicate in a group
164
what are lifestyle choices that may improve the impact of ill health of older people?
exercise
healthy diet
medication
165
what are examples of social changes?
loss of job and status
losing your own home
death of partner/friends
166
what is the disengagement theory?
| Cumming & Henry, 1961
older people withdraw from social contact. they disengage due to reduced physical health ad loss of social opportunity
167
what is the continuity theory?
| Bromley
older people maintain a continuous sense of who they are and continue to adapt the self-concept developed earlier in life
168
what is the activity theory?
| Robert Havinghurst
older people need to stay mentally and physically active to limit the risks associated with disengagement
169
how do older people get the most out of life?
involvement in new activities
development of new relationships
170
what is provision for older people needed for?
loss of independence
prevention of isolation
loss of mobility
171
what type of provision is available?
acute care
psychological care
end-of-life care
172
how are older people helped to stay healthy?
health monitoring and screening
looking after the elderly in the winter
provision of social and leisure activities
173
what is formal healthcare?
private and voluntary
174
what is informal health care?
provided by family, community or religious groups
175
what is the impacts of the percentage rise in older people on the economy?
health and welfare
pension costs
employment
housing
176
what are government responses of the economy?
raising the retirement age
making it easier for older people to stay in work
177
what are the pressures on services?
advances in medicine that help people to live longer
families being unable or less willing to care for older family members at home
