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General knowledge for exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four principles of growth?

A

growth rates aren’t constant

different parts of the body grow at different rates

growth rates vary between children

boys usually grow faster than girls

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2
Q

how do you record growth?

A

using centile lines

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3
Q

What is measured on the body of babies?

A

Head circumference, length and weight

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4
Q

What is a centile chart?

A

lines that represent the norms of babies growth

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5
Q

What is gripping?

A

Having strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly

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6
Q

what activity promotes gripping?

A

holding a rattle

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7
Q

what is manipulation?

A

movement of objects using fingers and hands such as twisting and turning

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8
Q

what activity promotes manipulation?

A

building blocks

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9
Q

what is hand-eye coordination?

A

control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement

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10
Q

what activity promotes hand-eye coordination?

A

writing

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11
Q

what can a baby say at 0-3 months?

A

gurgles

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12
Q

what can a baby say at 18 months?

A

six to ten words

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13
Q

what can a child say at 2 years?

A

links words together

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14
Q

what can a child say at 3 years?

A

simple sentences

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15
Q

what can a child say at 8 years?

A

can reason and explain

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16
Q

how do gross motor skills of an infant develop?

A

from the head down

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17
Q

what can a child do at 6 months for gross motor?

A

control muscles in their neck and back. they can roll and crawl

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18
Q

what can a child do at 11-13 months gross motor?

A

can stand and walk

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19
Q

what can a child do at 2 years?

A

climb on furniture and kick a ball

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20
Q

what can a child do at 3 years old? gross

A

run

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21
Q

what can a child do at 4 years old? gross

A

kick and throw a ball

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22
Q

what can a child do at 5 years? gross

A

hopscotch

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23
Q

what can a child do at 6 years? gross

A

ride a bike

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24
Q

what can a child do at 7? gross

A

skip

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25
Q

what can a child do at 8 years? gross

A

take part in loads of sports

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26
Q

what can a child do at 3 years? fine

A

hold a pencil

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27
Q

what can a child do at 4 years? fine

A

undo and do up buttons

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28
Q

what can a child do at 5 years? fine

A

dress and undress on their own

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29
Q

what can a child do at 6 years? fine

A

tie shoelaces

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30
Q

what can a child do at 7 years? fine

A

draw in some detail

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31
Q

what can a child do at 8 years? fine

A

excellent control over muscles and writing

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32
Q

what can a newborn do?

A

primitive reflexes e.g. grasping

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33
Q

what can a child aged 3 months do?

A

can lift head and chest when lying on front

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34
Q

what can a child aged 6 months do?

A

roll over and sit up for a short time without support

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35
Q

what can a child aged 9-10 months do?

A

crawl and begin to walk a little

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36
Q

what can a child aged 18 months do?

A

climb on furniture

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37
Q

what can a child aged 2 and a half years do?

A

jump from a low step

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38
Q

what can a 12 month old baby say?

A

imitates simple words

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39
Q

what can a 9 month old say?

A

repeats syllables

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40
Q

what can a 6 month old baby say?

A

echolalia, they repeat the last word they hear

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41
Q

what can a child say at 4 years?

A

uses questions

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42
Q

what can a child say at 5 years old?

A

speech is grammatically correct

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43
Q

define puberty

A

puberty starts when a hormone in the brain sends a signal to the pituitary gland, which releases hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes

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44
Q

what is the hormone released in boys and where is it produced?

A

testosterone is produced in the testes

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45
Q

what is the hormone released in girls and where is it produced?

A

oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries

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46
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics?

A

they’re related to sex organs that are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released

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47
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

these aren’t linked to reproduction, but they develop when sex hormones are released. they aren’t present at birth

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48
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics for girls?

A

menstruation begins

uterus and vagina grow

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49
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics for boys?

A

penis enlarges

testes enlarge and produce sperm

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50
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics for girls?

A

growth of arm and pubic hair

breasts enlarge

hips widen

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51
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics for boys?

A

facial and pubic hair

larynx grows and voice breaks

growth spurt

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52
Q

what happens to individuals in early adulthood?

A

they reach full height and strength

most fertile and can become pregnant

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53
Q

what happens to women who are between 40-45?

A

they reach the end of their reproductive years. its called the PERIMENOPAUSE

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54
Q

what happens during the menopause?

A

there’s a reduction in oestrogen which causes physical and emotional symptoms

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55
Q

what are the effects of the menopause?

A

vaginal dryness

night sweats

mood swings

hot flushes

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56
Q

what are the signs of ageing?

A

greying hair

menstruation ends

loss of height

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57
Q

define menopause

A

natural physiological change experienced in women in middle adulthood

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58
Q

what is the role of oestrogen?

A

regulates ovulation

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59
Q

what is the role of progesterone?

A

implantation of fertilised eggs in the uterus, maintains pregnancy and sexual health

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60
Q

what does a reduction in oestrogen cause?

A

ovaries stop producing eggs

mood swings

night sweats

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61
Q

what does a reduction in oestrogen and progesterone cause?

A

gradually stops menstruation

impacts libido (sex drive)

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62
Q

what happens to the mind when people age?

A

loss of memory

loss of recall

speed of thinking is slower

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63
Q

what are the types of intellectual development?

A

problem solving

moral development

memory

abstract thought and creative thinking

language development

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64
Q

what happens intellectually to an infant or someone in early childhood?

A

rapid intellectual development. 90% of neurone connections are made by 5 years old

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65
Q

what happens intellectually to someone in early adulthood?

A

individuals have gained knowledge and experience

past experiences are used to make judgements. thinking is realistic and logical

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66
Q

what happens intellectually to someone in later adulthood?

A

continue to learn new skills and knowledge. intelligence doesn’t change but short term memory declines

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67
Q

define attachment

A

the emotional bond that is formed between infants and young children and their main carer

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68
Q

according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from birth to 3 months?

A

respond to any caregiver

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69
Q

according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from 4-7 months?

A

preference for primary caregivers but accepts care from others

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70
Q

according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from 7-9 months?

A

seeks comfort from primary caregiver and are unhappy when separated

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71
Q

according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people aged 10 months onwards?

A

begins to develop attachments with others. by 18 months, infants have formed multiple attachments

72
Q

define self-concept

A

its an individuals evaluation of their own self-worth

73
Q

define self-image

A

how individuals view themselves, influenced by how they are perceived by others

74
Q

define self-esteem

A

how individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves

75
Q

what are factors that affect self-image and esteem?

A

family

friends

achievements

76
Q

define solo-play (0-2 years)

A

infant plays by themselves with toys. they may be aware of other infants are present but don’t attempt to play with them

77
Q

define parallel play (2-3 years)

A

children play alongside others but still play by themselves. they don’t interact with others

78
Q

define co-operative play (3 years and over)

A

children are sharing, talking and playing together

79
Q

what year does a child begin to make close friendships?

A

3 years old

80
Q

define formal relationship

A

develops between non-related individuals e.g. colleagues and teachers.

81
Q

define intimate relationship

A

between in adolescence and new ones form throughout life. they result in greater contentment, emotional security and positive self-image

82
Q

define informal relationships

A

built between individuals and family or significant people

83
Q

define independence

A

involves doing things for oneself and making decisions without relying on others

84
Q

what is independence influenced by?

A

physical disability

culture

health

85
Q

what are possible negative behaviours due to peer pressure?

A

smoking, drugs, bullying

86
Q

what are possible positive behaviours due to peer pressure?

A

studying, eating healthily, taking part in sport

87
Q

define nature

A

the influence of inherited features on development

88
Q

define nurture

A

influence of the environment and nurturing

89
Q

define genes

A

sets of instructions to the cells that determine growth and development

90
Q

how may pairs of chromosomes are inherited from each parent?

A

23 pairs

91
Q

what is a dominant gene?

A

needs only to be passed from one parent for a child t develop a condition

92
Q

what genetic conditions are caused by a dominant gene?

A

brittle bone disease

huntingtons disease

93
Q

what is a recessive gene?

A

must be passed on from both parents for the child to develop the condition

94
Q

what genetic conditions are caused by a recessive gene?

A

cystic fibrosis

PKU

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

95
Q

what are conditions caused by an abnormality in an individuals chromosomes?

A

downs syndrome

klienfelter syndrome

colour blindness

96
Q

what does ‘genetic susceptibility to disease’ mean?

A

means there’s an increased likelihood of developing a disease because of an individuals genetic makeup

97
Q

what are the other factors that affect disease?

A

environmental factors

lifestyle

life events

98
Q

define condition

A

an abnormal state of health that impacts on wellbeing

99
Q

define disease

A

a disorder of the function or structure of the body

100
Q

define biological factors

A

those that affect the development of a living organism

101
Q

what are poor lifestyle factors that can affect an unborn baby?

A

by the mother smoking, drug use, alcohol and poor diet

102
Q

what are the effects on the baby due to the mothers poor lifestyle choices?

A

learning disabilities

long-term health problems

premature birth

103
Q

which infections can the mother contract that can move through the placenta to the child?

A

rubella

cytomegalovirus

104
Q

what are problems caused by the mother contracting infections while pregnant for the child?

A

still birth

miscarriage

health problems

105
Q

what are the effects of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

small head circumference

facial abnormalities

development delay

106
Q

what are congenital anomalies?

A

defects or anomalies in the developing foetus such as congenital heart disease or club foot

107
Q

what are factors contributing to congenital anomalies?

A

genetic
environmental
infections
nutritional

108
Q

what are conditions caused by pollutants?

A

asthma

heart attack

109
Q

what are the possible effects of housing conditions?

A

damp/mould leads to respiratory disorders

overcrowding- leads to anxiety and depression

poor sanitation- risk of infections

110
Q

what are characteristics of a dysfunctional family?

A

conflict and sibling rivalry

abuse

members don’t carry out responsibilities

111
Q

what are the reasons for family dysfunction?

A

alcohol and drug use

untreated mental illness

parents treat their children how they were brought up

112
Q

what is the impact of dysfunction?

A

negative self-image

difficulty building friendships and relationships

113
Q

what are effects of parental divorce?

A

stress

isolation

increased likelihood or drug or alcohol use

114
Q

what is the authoritative parenting style?

A

children are accepted for who they are and there is mutual love and respect

115
Q

what is the permissive parenting style?

A

parents are indulgent. they don’t attempt to control behaviour

116
Q

what is the authoritarian parenting style?

A

parents control their children

117
Q

what is the disengaged/ uninvolved parenting style?

A

parents are neglectful and show a lack of interest

118
Q

what are examples of verbal abuse?

A

name calling, making hurtful comments

119
Q

what are the effects of emotional bullying?

A

causes psychological hurt such as ignoring, excluding and spreading rumours

120
Q

what is physical bullying?

A

includes hitting, slapping and punching

121
Q

what is cyber bullying?

A

sending hurtful messages on the internet and posting inappropriate photos

122
Q

what are short term effects of bullying?

A

stress/anxiety

eating disorders

withdrawal from school

123
Q

what are long-term effects of bullying?

A

self-harm

increased risk of suicide

poor academic achievement

124
Q

what does culture influence?

A

dress

diet

relationships

125
Q

what are examples of lifestyle rules in religion?

A

dietary restrictions

fasting

medical interventions

126
Q

what are positive social and emotional effects of culture and beliefs?

A

feel accepted

feel valued

127
Q

what are negative social ad emotional effects of culture and beliefs?

A

people are discriminated against

exclusion

128
Q

what are economic factors?

A

income and expenditure

lifestyle and health

employment status

education

129
Q

what are examples of life events?

A

moving house

leaving home

having children

marriage

130
Q

what are predictable life events?

A

events that are likely to happen to happen to most people

131
Q

what are examples of predictable life events?

A

starting school

starting work

132
Q

what are unpredictable life events?

A

events that aren’t expected

133
Q

what are examples of unpredictable life events?

A

an accident

serious illness

134
Q

what happens to the heart as we age?

A

artery walls narrow due to clogging

the valves inside the heart become stiffer

135
Q

what are health factors that can cause heart disease?

A

obesity

high blood pressure

high blood cholesterol

136
Q

what are lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

lack of exercise

alcohol

smoking

137
Q

what are negative effects of cardiovascular disease in later life?

A

loss of independence

depression

anxiety

138
Q

what are positive effects pf cardiovascular disease in later life?

A

closer relationships with family members and friends

choosing to improve lifestyle

139
Q

what does degeneration of nervous tissue cause?

A

decline in short-term memory

reduction of reflexes and movement

140
Q

define nerves

A

pathways that carry messages along the spinal cord between the brain and the different parts of the body

141
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease?

A

affects the neurones in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra

142
Q

what are physical effects of Parkinson’s disease?

A

tremors

mobility

143
Q

what are cognitive effects of Parkinson’s disease?

A

depression

anxiety

impairment in thinking and problem solving

144
Q

how is taste impacted as you age?

A

number of taste buds decrease

less saliva production affecting taste and enjoyment of food

145
Q

how is touch impacted as you age?

A

reduced sensitivity to temperature

reduced sensitivity to injury

146
Q

how is sight impacted with age?

A

vision becomes less sharp

cataracts may develop

147
Q

how is hearing impacted with age?

A

tinnitus

ability to hear high-frequency noises

148
Q

what does degeneration of sense organs cause?

A

loss of independence

anxiety

isolation

low self-image

149
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

swelling and pain in joints, damage to the soft tissue around joints and difficulty walking

150
Q

what is osteoarthritis caused by?

A

obesity

being female

being over 40

151
Q

define dementia

A

used to describe symptoms associated with damage to the function of the brain, such as memory loss

152
Q

what happens in the early stage of Alzheimers ?

A

decline in short term memory

153
Q

what happens in the later stage of Alzheimers?

A

emotional outbursts and language impairment

154
Q

what happens in the final stage of Alzheimers?

A

unable to recognise family members and death

155
Q

what lifestyle factors increase the likelihood of dementia?

A

smoking

unhealthy diet

156
Q

what is Alzheimers?

A

it’s the most common cause of dementia. proteins called plates and tangles build up in the brain.

157
Q

what support can a person receive in the early stages of Alzheimers?

A

medication

158
Q

what support can a person receive in the later stage of Alzheimers?

A

support in the home as well as personal care

159
Q

what support can a person receive in the final stage of Alzheimers?

A

end of life care

160
Q

what are the physical effects of illness?

A

causes pain and discomfort

makes the body less able to fight infections

161
Q

what are the intellectual effects of illness?

A

cause short-term memory loss

cause difficulty in verbal communication

162
Q

what are the emotional effects of illness?

A

cause lack of control of feelings

low self-esteem

163
Q

what are the social effects of illness?

A

reduces opportunity and ability to socialise

affect ability to communicate in a group

164
Q

what are lifestyle choices that may improve the impact of ill health of older people?

A

exercise

healthy diet

medication

165
Q

what are examples of social changes?

A

loss of job and status

losing your own home

death of partner/friends

166
Q

what is the disengagement theory?

Cumming & Henry, 1961

A

older people withdraw from social contact. they disengage due to reduced physical health ad loss of social opportunity

167
Q

what is the continuity theory?

Bromley

A

older people maintain a continuous sense of who they are and continue to adapt the self-concept developed earlier in life

168
Q

what is the activity theory?

Robert Havinghurst

A

older people need to stay mentally and physically active to limit the risks associated with disengagement

169
Q

how do older people get the most out of life?

A

involvement in new activities

development of new relationships

170
Q

what is provision for older people needed for?

A

loss of independence

prevention of isolation

loss of mobility

171
Q

what type of provision is available?

A

acute care

psychological care

end-of-life care

172
Q

how are older people helped to stay healthy?

A

health monitoring and screening

looking after the elderly in the winter

provision of social and leisure activities

173
Q

what is formal healthcare?

A

private and voluntary

174
Q

what is informal health care?

A

provided by family, community or religious groups

175
Q

what is the impacts of the percentage rise in older people on the economy?

A

health and welfare

pension costs

employment

housing

176
Q

what are government responses of the economy?

A

raising the retirement age

making it easier for older people to stay in work

177
Q

what are the pressures on services?

A

advances in medicine that help people to live longer

families being unable or less willing to care for older family members at home

Health And Social (3 decks)

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