General knowledge for exam Flashcards
What are the four principles of growth?
growth rates aren’t constant
different parts of the body grow at different rates
growth rates vary between children
boys usually grow faster than girls
how do you record growth?
using centile lines
What is measured on the body of babies?
Head circumference, length and weight
What is a centile chart?
lines that represent the norms of babies growth
What is gripping?
Having strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly
what activity promotes gripping?
holding a rattle
what is manipulation?
movement of objects using fingers and hands such as twisting and turning
what activity promotes manipulation?
building blocks
what is hand-eye coordination?
control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement
what activity promotes hand-eye coordination?
writing
what can a baby say at 0-3 months?
gurgles
what can a baby say at 18 months?
six to ten words
what can a child say at 2 years?
links words together
what can a child say at 3 years?
simple sentences
what can a child say at 8 years?
can reason and explain
how do gross motor skills of an infant develop?
from the head down
what can a child do at 6 months for gross motor?
control muscles in their neck and back. they can roll and crawl
what can a child do at 11-13 months gross motor?
can stand and walk
what can a child do at 2 years?
climb on furniture and kick a ball
what can a child do at 3 years old? gross
run
what can a child do at 4 years old? gross
kick and throw a ball
what can a child do at 5 years? gross
hopscotch
what can a child do at 6 years? gross
ride a bike
what can a child do at 7? gross
skip
what can a child do at 8 years? gross
take part in loads of sports
what can a child do at 3 years? fine
hold a pencil
what can a child do at 4 years? fine
undo and do up buttons
what can a child do at 5 years? fine
dress and undress on their own
what can a child do at 6 years? fine
tie shoelaces
what can a child do at 7 years? fine
draw in some detail
what can a child do at 8 years? fine
excellent control over muscles and writing
what can a newborn do?
primitive reflexes e.g. grasping
what can a child aged 3 months do?
can lift head and chest when lying on front
what can a child aged 6 months do?
roll over and sit up for a short time without support
what can a child aged 9-10 months do?
crawl and begin to walk a little
what can a child aged 18 months do?
climb on furniture
what can a child aged 2 and a half years do?
jump from a low step
what can a 12 month old baby say?
imitates simple words
what can a 9 month old say?
repeats syllables
what can a 6 month old baby say?
echolalia, they repeat the last word they hear
what can a child say at 4 years?
uses questions
what can a child say at 5 years old?
speech is grammatically correct
define puberty
puberty starts when a hormone in the brain sends a signal to the pituitary gland, which releases hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes
what is the hormone released in boys and where is it produced?
testosterone is produced in the testes
what is the hormone released in girls and where is it produced?
oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries
what are primary sexual characteristics?
they’re related to sex organs that are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released
what are secondary sexual characteristics?
these aren’t linked to reproduction, but they develop when sex hormones are released. they aren’t present at birth
what are primary sexual characteristics for girls?
menstruation begins
uterus and vagina grow
what are primary sexual characteristics for boys?
penis enlarges
testes enlarge and produce sperm
what are secondary sexual characteristics for girls?
growth of arm and pubic hair
breasts enlarge
hips widen
what are secondary sexual characteristics for boys?
facial and pubic hair
larynx grows and voice breaks
growth spurt
what happens to individuals in early adulthood?
they reach full height and strength
most fertile and can become pregnant
what happens to women who are between 40-45?
they reach the end of their reproductive years. its called the PERIMENOPAUSE
what happens during the menopause?
there’s a reduction in oestrogen which causes physical and emotional symptoms
what are the effects of the menopause?
vaginal dryness
night sweats
mood swings
hot flushes
what are the signs of ageing?
greying hair
menstruation ends
loss of height
define menopause
natural physiological change experienced in women in middle adulthood
what is the role of oestrogen?
regulates ovulation
what is the role of progesterone?
implantation of fertilised eggs in the uterus, maintains pregnancy and sexual health
what does a reduction in oestrogen cause?
ovaries stop producing eggs
mood swings
night sweats
what does a reduction in oestrogen and progesterone cause?
gradually stops menstruation
impacts libido (sex drive)
what happens to the mind when people age?
loss of memory
loss of recall
speed of thinking is slower
what are the types of intellectual development?
problem solving
moral development
memory
abstract thought and creative thinking
language development
what happens intellectually to an infant or someone in early childhood?
rapid intellectual development. 90% of neurone connections are made by 5 years old
what happens intellectually to someone in early adulthood?
individuals have gained knowledge and experience
past experiences are used to make judgements. thinking is realistic and logical
what happens intellectually to someone in later adulthood?
continue to learn new skills and knowledge. intelligence doesn’t change but short term memory declines
define attachment
the emotional bond that is formed between infants and young children and their main carer
according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from birth to 3 months?
respond to any caregiver
according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from 4-7 months?
preference for primary caregivers but accepts care from others
according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people from 7-9 months?
seeks comfort from primary caregiver and are unhappy when separated
according to Schaffer and Emmerson’s stages of attachment, how do babies respond to people aged 10 months onwards?
begins to develop attachments with others. by 18 months, infants have formed multiple attachments
define self-concept
its an individuals evaluation of their own self-worth
define self-image
how individuals view themselves, influenced by how they are perceived by others
define self-esteem
how individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves
what are factors that affect self-image and esteem?
family
friends
achievements
define solo-play (0-2 years)
infant plays by themselves with toys. they may be aware of other infants are present but don’t attempt to play with them
define parallel play (2-3 years)
children play alongside others but still play by themselves. they don’t interact with others
define co-operative play (3 years and over)
children are sharing, talking and playing together
what year does a child begin to make close friendships?
3 years old
define formal relationship
develops between non-related individuals e.g. colleagues and teachers.
define intimate relationship
between in adolescence and new ones form throughout life. they result in greater contentment, emotional security and positive self-image
define informal relationships
built between individuals and family or significant people
define independence
involves doing things for oneself and making decisions without relying on others
what is independence influenced by?
physical disability
culture
health
what are possible negative behaviours due to peer pressure?
smoking, drugs, bullying
what are possible positive behaviours due to peer pressure?
studying, eating healthily, taking part in sport
define nature
the influence of inherited features on development
define nurture
influence of the environment and nurturing
define genes
sets of instructions to the cells that determine growth and development
how may pairs of chromosomes are inherited from each parent?
23 pairs
what is a dominant gene?
needs only to be passed from one parent for a child t develop a condition
what genetic conditions are caused by a dominant gene?
brittle bone disease
huntingtons disease
what is a recessive gene?
must be passed on from both parents for the child to develop the condition
what genetic conditions are caused by a recessive gene?
cystic fibrosis
PKU
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
what are conditions caused by an abnormality in an individuals chromosomes?
downs syndrome
klienfelter syndrome
colour blindness
what does ‘genetic susceptibility to disease’ mean?
means there’s an increased likelihood of developing a disease because of an individuals genetic makeup
what are the other factors that affect disease?
environmental factors
lifestyle
life events
define condition
an abnormal state of health that impacts on wellbeing
define disease
a disorder of the function or structure of the body
define biological factors
those that affect the development of a living organism
what are poor lifestyle factors that can affect an unborn baby?
by the mother smoking, drug use, alcohol and poor diet
what are the effects on the baby due to the mothers poor lifestyle choices?
learning disabilities
long-term health problems
premature birth
which infections can the mother contract that can move through the placenta to the child?
rubella
cytomegalovirus
what are problems caused by the mother contracting infections while pregnant for the child?
still birth
miscarriage
health problems
what are the effects of foetal alcohol syndrome?
small head circumference
facial abnormalities
development delay
what are congenital anomalies?
defects or anomalies in the developing foetus such as congenital heart disease or club foot
what are factors contributing to congenital anomalies?
genetic
environmental
infections
nutritional
what are conditions caused by pollutants?
asthma
heart attack
what are the possible effects of housing conditions?
damp/mould leads to respiratory disorders
overcrowding- leads to anxiety and depression
poor sanitation- risk of infections
what are characteristics of a dysfunctional family?
conflict and sibling rivalry
abuse
members don’t carry out responsibilities
what are the reasons for family dysfunction?
alcohol and drug use
untreated mental illness
parents treat their children how they were brought up
what is the impact of dysfunction?
negative self-image
difficulty building friendships and relationships
what are effects of parental divorce?
stress
isolation
increased likelihood or drug or alcohol use
what is the authoritative parenting style?
children are accepted for who they are and there is mutual love and respect
what is the permissive parenting style?
parents are indulgent. they don’t attempt to control behaviour
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
parents control their children
what is the disengaged/ uninvolved parenting style?
parents are neglectful and show a lack of interest
what are examples of verbal abuse?
name calling, making hurtful comments
what are the effects of emotional bullying?
causes psychological hurt such as ignoring, excluding and spreading rumours
what is physical bullying?
includes hitting, slapping and punching
what is cyber bullying?
sending hurtful messages on the internet and posting inappropriate photos
what are short term effects of bullying?
stress/anxiety
eating disorders
withdrawal from school
what are long-term effects of bullying?
self-harm
increased risk of suicide
poor academic achievement
what does culture influence?
dress
diet
relationships
what are examples of lifestyle rules in religion?
dietary restrictions
fasting
medical interventions
what are positive social and emotional effects of culture and beliefs?
feel accepted
feel valued
what are negative social ad emotional effects of culture and beliefs?
people are discriminated against
exclusion
what are economic factors?
income and expenditure
lifestyle and health
employment status
education
what are examples of life events?
moving house
leaving home
having children
marriage
what are predictable life events?
events that are likely to happen to happen to most people
what are examples of predictable life events?
starting school
starting work
what are unpredictable life events?
events that aren’t expected
what are examples of unpredictable life events?
an accident
serious illness
what happens to the heart as we age?
artery walls narrow due to clogging
the valves inside the heart become stiffer
what are health factors that can cause heart disease?
obesity
high blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
what are lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
lack of exercise
alcohol
smoking
what are negative effects of cardiovascular disease in later life?
loss of independence
depression
anxiety
what are positive effects pf cardiovascular disease in later life?
closer relationships with family members and friends
choosing to improve lifestyle
what does degeneration of nervous tissue cause?
decline in short-term memory
reduction of reflexes and movement
define nerves
pathways that carry messages along the spinal cord between the brain and the different parts of the body
what is Parkinson’s disease?
affects the neurones in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra
what are physical effects of Parkinson’s disease?
tremors
mobility
what are cognitive effects of Parkinson’s disease?
depression
anxiety
impairment in thinking and problem solving
how is taste impacted as you age?
number of taste buds decrease
less saliva production affecting taste and enjoyment of food
how is touch impacted as you age?
reduced sensitivity to temperature
reduced sensitivity to injury
how is sight impacted with age?
vision becomes less sharp
cataracts may develop
how is hearing impacted with age?
tinnitus
ability to hear high-frequency noises
what does degeneration of sense organs cause?
loss of independence
anxiety
isolation
low self-image
what is osteoarthritis?
swelling and pain in joints, damage to the soft tissue around joints and difficulty walking
what is osteoarthritis caused by?
obesity
being female
being over 40
define dementia
used to describe symptoms associated with damage to the function of the brain, such as memory loss
what happens in the early stage of Alzheimers ?
decline in short term memory
what happens in the later stage of Alzheimers?
emotional outbursts and language impairment
what happens in the final stage of Alzheimers?
unable to recognise family members and death
what lifestyle factors increase the likelihood of dementia?
smoking
unhealthy diet
what is Alzheimers?
it’s the most common cause of dementia. proteins called plates and tangles build up in the brain.
what support can a person receive in the early stages of Alzheimers?
medication
what support can a person receive in the later stage of Alzheimers?
support in the home as well as personal care
what support can a person receive in the final stage of Alzheimers?
end of life care
what are the physical effects of illness?
causes pain and discomfort
makes the body less able to fight infections
what are the intellectual effects of illness?
cause short-term memory loss
cause difficulty in verbal communication
what are the emotional effects of illness?
cause lack of control of feelings
low self-esteem
what are the social effects of illness?
reduces opportunity and ability to socialise
affect ability to communicate in a group
what are lifestyle choices that may improve the impact of ill health of older people?
exercise
healthy diet
medication
what are examples of social changes?
loss of job and status
losing your own home
death of partner/friends
what is the disengagement theory?
Cumming & Henry, 1961
older people withdraw from social contact. they disengage due to reduced physical health ad loss of social opportunity
what is the continuity theory?
Bromley
older people maintain a continuous sense of who they are and continue to adapt the self-concept developed earlier in life
what is the activity theory?
Robert Havinghurst
older people need to stay mentally and physically active to limit the risks associated with disengagement
how do older people get the most out of life?
involvement in new activities
development of new relationships
what is provision for older people needed for?
loss of independence
prevention of isolation
loss of mobility
what type of provision is available?
acute care
psychological care
end-of-life care
how are older people helped to stay healthy?
health monitoring and screening
looking after the elderly in the winter
provision of social and leisure activities
what is formal healthcare?
private and voluntary
what is informal health care?
provided by family, community or religious groups
what is the impacts of the percentage rise in older people on the economy?
health and welfare
pension costs
employment
housing
what are government responses of the economy?
raising the retirement age
making it easier for older people to stay in work
what are the pressures on services?
advances in medicine that help people to live longer
families being unable or less willing to care for older family members at home
