General Knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
Ethanol chemical symbols
A
ETOH
C2H5OH
2
Q
Production processes of Ethanol
A
Fermentation
and
Distillation
3
Q
Common beer size
A
12 oz of fluid @ 5% alcohol equals .60 oz of pure alcohol
4
Q
Glass of Wine size
A
5 oz of fluid @ 12% alcohol
5
Q
Most abused drug in Canada
A
Alcohol
6
Q
Absorption of alcohol with percentages.
A
20 % through the stomach walls
80% through the small intestine.
7
Q
Significant difference between male and female( water content)
A
The average male is 68 % water
The average female is 55 % water
8
Q
Enzyme that assists in metabolizing alcohol.
A
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
9
Q
What does “Blood Alcohol concentration” mean
A
The number of milligrams of alcohol found in 100 milliliters of blood.
10
Q
Every chemical that is an alcohol contains what three elements.
A
Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen
11
Q
Sign definition:
A
An observable or detectable indicator of drug influence
12
Q
Symptom definition:
A
A subjective indicator of drug influence that is reported by the drug impaired subject.
13
Q
The adjustment of the eyes for viewing at various distances. Meaning the pupils will automatically constrict as objects move closer and dilate as objects move further away.
A
Accommodation reflex
14
Q
Three lighting standards in checks for pupil size
A
Room light
Near-total darkness
Direct light
15
Q
When checking the pupil size with direct light how long do you hold the penlight in the subjects eye.
A
15 seconds
16
Q
Pupillary unrest
A
The continuous irregular change in the size of the pupils that may be observed under room or steady light conditions.
17
Q
Rebound dilation
A
A period of pupillary constriction followed by a period of pupillary dilation where the pupil steadily increases in size and does not return to its original constricted size.
Cannabis only
18
Q
Miosis
A
Abnormally constricted pupil
19
Q
Mydriasis
A
Abnormally dilated pupil
20
Q
Average pupil size in room light
A
2.5mm to 5.0 mm
21
Q
Average pupil size in near total darkness
A
5.00 to 8.5 mm
22
Q
Average pupil size in direct light
A
2.0 to 4.5 mm
23
Q
Reaction to Light is -
A
An assessment of how quickly the pupil contracts to its smallest size during the check of pupil size under direct light.
24
Q
Three goals of the drug evaluation process.
A
- Establish that the subject is impaired.
- Rule out medical impairment.
- Determine the category or categories of drugs involved.
25
Pulse
The expansion and contraction of an artery generated by the pumping action of the heart
26
Pulse Rate
The number of pulsation in an artery per a minute
27
Basic do’s and don’t for measuring pulse
Don’t use your thumb to apply pressure while measuring a subject’s pulse
When measuring the pulse rate, use time intervals of 30 seconds.
28
Technical Terms associated with Pulse Rate:
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart rate.
29
Technical Terms associated with Pulse Rate:
Bradycardia
Unusually slow heart rate
30
Technical Terms associated with Pulse Rate:
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rate rhythm.
31
Three pulse points used for DRE
Radial artery pulse point.
Brachial artery pulse point.
Carotid artery pulse point.
32
Device for measuring blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
33
Blood pressure measurement
Millimeters of mercury= mmHg
34
Blood pressure definition
The force that the circulating blood exerts on the walls of the arteries
35
Systolic pressure definition
The maximum blood pressure reached as the heart contracts
36
Diastolic pressure definition
The minimum pressure, reached when the heart is fully expanded.
The pressure relaxes.
37
Sphygmomanometer components
1. Manometer( pressure gauge)
2. Compression cuff
3. Pressure control valve
4. Pressure bulb
5. Tubes
38
Two technical terms associated with Blood Pressure.
Hypertension:
Abnormally high blood pressure.
and
Hypotension:
Abnormally low blood pressure.
39
Does an artery carry blood to or from the heart?
From the heart
40
When do the Korotkoff Sounds begin?
Systolic
Clear, tapping sound.
41
The Drug Influence Evaluation is a _________ and _________ process.
Systematic and Standardized.
42
The DEC procedure is to determine what 3 things:
1. Whether the subject is impaired.
2. Whether the impairment is caused by drugs or a medical condition.
3. If the drugs, the category (or categories) of drugs that is (or are) the likely cause of the subject’s impairment.
43
DEC steps 1-3
1. Breath alcohol test
2. Interview of arresting officer
3. Preliminary examination
(Should include but not limited to first pulse, an initial estimate of angle of onset, and initial estimation of pupil size)
44
DEC step 4
4. Eye exams.
HGN
VGN
Lack of convergence.
45
DEC step 5
And tests
Divided attention tests
1. Modified Romberg Balance
2. Walk and turn
3. One leg Stand
4. Finger to nose
46
DEC Step 6
Clinical indicators and second pulse.
47
DEC Step 7
Dark room checks of pupil size and ingestion examination.
48
DEC step 8
Check for muscle tone
49
DEC Step 9
Check for injection marks and third pulse.
50
DEC Step 10
Interview, statements, and other observations.
51
DEC Step 11
Opinion of evaluation.
52
DEC Step 12
Toxicological sample.
53
Choral hydrate belongs to what classification.
CNS Depressant
Aka Mickey FINN
54
The active ingredient in cannabis?
Tetra-hydrocannabinol
55
Normal range of pulse.
60-90
56
The normal diastolic range
70-90
57
Bruxism refers to -
Grinding of teeth
Common with CNS stimulants.
58
“Average” definition within the DEC program.
Average is a quantity that represents the middle or typical value that the majority of healthy, non-impaired people would exhibit or have in a specific test that is measured numerically.
59
Bodily functions examined during drug influence evaluation
```
CNS
Eyes
Blood pressure and pulse
Balance and coordination
Body temperature
```
60
What acronym is used as a way of discussing human physiology.
MURDERS, INC
61
MURDERS stands for
```
M = muscular system
U = urinary system
R = Respiratory system
D = Digestive system
E = Endocrine system
R = Reproductive system
S = Skeletal system
```
62
INC stands for
```
I = integumentary system
N = nervous system
C = circulatory system
```
63
Homeostasis is -
Dynamic balance, or steady state, involving levels of salts, water, sugars and other materials in the body’s fluids.
64
How do drugs interfere with homeostasis?
They interfere with homeostatic mechanisms and produce signs and symptoms that can be recognized by a trained DRE
65
Each neuron has what three main parts?
The cell body; the axon; the dendrite.
66
Two classifications of nerves
Motor - efferent nerves
Sensory - afferent nerves
67
Sub-system of motor nerves
Voluntary nerves - which send messages to the striated muscles that we consciously control.
and
Autonomic nerves - which send messages to the muscles and organs that we do not consciously control.
68
Two nerves in the autonomic sub-system
Sympathetic nerves - fight or flight
Parasympathetic nerves - produce relaxed and tranquil activities.
69
Sympathetic (Adrenergic) drugs
Bronchodilators
Vasopressors
Cardiac stimulators
70
Where is the radial artery pulse found?
In or near the natural crease of the wrist, on the side of the wrist next to the thumb.
71
The Drug Evaluation and Classification Process is a systematic and standardized method of examining a subject to determine?
1. Is the subject impaired?
2. Is the impairment from an injury, illness or drug related?
3. If drug related what category(s) of drugs are likely causing the impairment?
72
What do anticholinergic drugs do?
They block parasympathetic nerves.
An Anticholinergic drug can look like a sympathomimetic drugs
73
How do dugs work?
By artificially creating natural body reactions generally associated with the work of neurotransmitters and hormones.
74
What are three
Neurotransmitters
“Chemical Messengers”
- Serotonin
- Gamma Amino Butyric Acid(GABA)
- Glutamate
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Acetycholine
75
Endorphins and enkephalins are
The body’s natural pain relievers.
Many drugs artificially induce the effects of neurotransmitters and hormones.
76
“Downside effect”
When the body reacts to the presence of a drug by releasing hormones or neurotransmitters to counteract the effects of the drug consumed.
77
The downside of CNS Stimulants can mimic -
Narcotic Analgesics
Vice - versa
78
Tolerance in testing
May exhibit relatively little evidence of psychophysical tests.
Even tolerant drug users, when impaired, usually exhibit clinical evidence.
79
Metabolite is -
A chemical product formed by the reaction of a drug with oxygen and/or other substances in the body
80
Medical conditions that may appear as a drug impairment.
```
Bipolar
Conjunctivitis - inflammation of the conjunctivitis
Diabetes
Head trauma - pupil varied in size
Multiple sclerosis
```
81
Other medical conditions that may look like impairment
Shock
Stroke - FAST
Others - if something is off investigate
82
Preliminary examination for a possible medical impairment questions.
```
Are you sick or injured
Do you have any physical defects
Are you diabetic or epileptic
Do you take insulin
Are you under a doctors or dentists care
Are you taking any medications or drugs
```
83
Medical impairment definition-
An opinion made by a DRE based on the evaluation that the state of a suspected impaired driver is more likely related to medical impairment that has affected the subject’s ability to operate a vehicle.
84
The functions of the body are controlled by what two systems
Nervous and circulatory
85
Explain negative feedback
Add later
86
“Normal” definition within the DEC program.
Normal describes both a range of values or results that are close to average, but can be above or below the average value for the majority of unimpaired people.
Can used to describe things that do not have a numeric value. Muscle tone.
87
According to 2013-14 study - more than ______ of drivers tested positive for at least one illegal drug, up from _______ in 2007
15 %
12 %
88
Los Angeles Field Validation study (1985) discovered two things
72% of SUSPECTS had two or more drug categories in them including alcohol
45% had two or more drugs other than alcohol
89
Common drug combinations
```
Cocaine and Heroin - speedball
PCP and Heroin - Fireball
Crack and PCP - Space base
Crack and Marihuana- Primo
Crack and Methamphetamine- Croack
```
90
Null effect
No action + no action = no action
91
Overlapping effect
Action + no action = action
92
Addictive effect
Action + same action = reinforced action
93
Antagonistic effect
Action + opposite action = an unpredictable outcome
Whichever Drug is more psychoactive at the time determines what we’ll see.
