General Knowledge Flashcards
Why are plants the start of the food chain
Plants make their own food
Photosynthesis equations
6 carbon dioxide+ 6 water — glucose+ 6 oxygen
How do stomata open
Guard cells swell in size by absorbing water via osmosis
How are xylem vessels adapted to their function
Xylem adapt to their function because they are dead so allows them to be a hollow tube
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are made in 1 part of the body + are carried in the blood to other parts of the body
Are hormones exocrine or endocrine
Endocrine
Name 2 sex hormones
Testosterone ,oestrogen
What does thyroxine do
Controls how much energy your body uses and the speed of your metabolism
Name 3 effects of adrenaline
Heart beats faster, lungs breath better, raises blood sugar levels to give you energy
What hormones do the pituitary gland release
The growth hormones, ACTH, FSH, LH
What hormones do the thyroids release
Thyroxine
What hormones do the pancreas release
Insulin
What hormones do the kidneys release
Adrenaline
What hormones do the ovaries begin
Oestrogen and progesterone
What hormones do the testicles release
Testosterone.
What hormones causes the uterus lining to thicken
Oestrogen
Which endocrine organ is found in the brain
Pituary gland
which hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle
Oestrogen and progesterone
How do hormones travel around the body
Endocrine glands pass them straight into the blood stream
Which endocrine gland secretes testosterone
The testicles
Are hormones fast or slow acting
Rapid
what monomer can carbohydrates be broken down in digestion
Starch then glucose
What enzymes breaks down starches
Amylase
What is glucose used for
Energy and respiration
Which endocrine gland secretes insulin
Pancreas
What is the photosynthesis equation
Glucose and oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
Which 2 hormones are in the pancreas used to control blood glucose concentration
Insulin and glucagon
What is insulin used for
Allows glucose to move from blood into cells where it is used
What happens to excess soluble glucose
It’s converted to an insoluble carbohydrate called glycogen
What does insulin control
Storage of glycogen in your liver and muscle
What can excess glycogen and glucose cause if consistently consumed
Obesity
Which is the target organ for the hormones that control the concentration of glucose in the blood
Liver
What is the endocrine system composed of
Glands and Hormones
What is a hormone
Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
How are hormones carried around the body
Endocrine glands pass them into the blood stream
Which acts faster, the nervous system or the endocrine system
Nervous System
Where is the pituitary gland
Top of the brain
What does the pituitary gland do
Release hormones
What hormones do the pancreas release
Insulin + Glucagon
What is thyroxine produced
Thyroid
What is the role of thyroxine
Metabolism
What are the functions of blood in the body
Carrying oxygen, nutrients and hormones
Name 3 adaptive functions red blood cells have adapted
Biconcave discs- larger surface area for diffusion
Haemoglobin that binds to oxygen
No nucleus so space for haemoglobin
Do white blood cells have a nucleus
Yes
Name 3 features of Ardi
4.4 Million years old, ape like big toe to climb branches, long arms and short legs, brain the size of a chimpanzee, leg structure upright
Name 3 features of Lucy
3.2 Million years old, arms and legs half ape half human, slighty larger brain than Ardi
Name 3 features of Turkana boy
1.6 Million years old, more human like than lucy, more human than ape like, larger brain than Lucy’s
Describe stone tools 2.5 Million years ago
pebble tools made by hitting rocks together to make sharp flakes, could be used to scrape meat of bones
Describes stone tools 2 million years ago
rocks were used for more complex tool such as hand axes, could be used to hunt dig and chop
Describe stone tools 3000 years ago
Wooden Spears
Describe stone tools 200000 years ago
Fish hooks, needles and arrowheads
Diffusion with 2 key facts
Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low
Does not require energy
No membrane required
Osmosis with 2 key facts
Movement of water from a dilute area to a more concentrated area
Does not require energy
Occurs over a partially permeable membrane
Active transport with 2 key facts
Movement of ions against the concentration gradient
Does require energy
Occurs over a membrane using transport proteins
What is the width and blood pressure of the vessel Aorta??
Width is thick and blood pressure is high
What is the function of blood valves
Prevents backflow of blood
How does the heart cause blood to move to the lungs
The muscles of the right ventricle contract pumping blood out the heart into the lungs
What happens on day 13 of the menstrual cycle
Egg is released
Describe the effect of progesterone on the uterus lining from day 13 to day 21
Progesterone levels increase so uterus thickens
One advantage for using a condom
Gives protections from STI’s.
How does the contraceptive pill stop a woman from becoming pregnant
Contains oestrogen and progesterone which prevents ovulation so sperm can’t fertilise the egg
Describe How a belt transect could be used to see how light intensity affects the biodiversity of plants growing in the field
Record the height, measure the light intensity and repeat at different distances
Why does water move out red blood cells of a person with diabetes
Water moves out by osmosis via a partially permeable membrane because the concentration of glucose is higher in the blood
Why do cells respire
To release energy
Why does the breathing rate of athletes increase when they run
Absorb more oxygen so more respiration can occur
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic uses oxygen
Aerobic releases more energy
Aerobic produces carbon dioxide and water whilst anaerobic produces lactic acid
1 difference between the bacterial cell and the animal cell
Bacteria have no nucleus
How does oxygen move in and out of a cell
Diffusion
What investigation could you use to Investigate how temperature affects the rate of diffusion
Heat acid at different temperatures for same amount of time and use the same volume
What’s the type of cell division which produces sex cells
Meiosis
What’s a genome
All the genetic materials of an organism
Which enzyme breaks down fat ?
Lipase
Which type of cell is destroyed by the HIV virus
White blood cell
How does the immune system defend the body against disease
Pathogens have antigens that trigger antibodies to be produced which leads to the destruction of the pathogen
Explain the function of a meristem
Produce more cells by mitosis
Function of the mitochondrion
Release energy
Name features of the structure of DNA
Polymer
4 bases
Weak hydrogen bonds join bases
Double helix
