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General Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Metallic Bonding

A

The sharing of electrons between 2 non metals

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2
Q

HN03
HCL
H2SO4

A

HN03- Nitric Acid
HCL- Hydrochloric acid
H2SO4- Sulphuric acid

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3
Q

Why can metals conduct electricity

A

Deloсaliased electrons carry electrical charge through the metal

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4
Q

Name key terms associated with electrolysis

A

Electrolyte, Cathode, Cation, Anion, Anode

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5
Q

Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting + boiling points

A

Weak intermolecular forces

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6
Q

Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting + boiling points

A

Weak intermolecular forces

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7
Q

What are the 2 Non-Metals on the reactivity series

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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8
Q

What side of the periodic table are metals found?

A

Left

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9
Q

What is displacement

A

More reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound

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10
Q

What ion is present in acids?

A

Hydrogen

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11
Q

Compare strong + weak acids

A

Strong acids dissociate completely, weak acids dissociate partially

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12
Q

What is a cation

A

Ion with a positive charge

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13
Q

What is an Anion

A

Ion with a negative charge

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14
Q

What is corrosion

A

When metal degrades due to reaction with the environment

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15
Q

Define metallic bonding

A

Sharing of electrons between 2 metals

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16
Q

Why are life cycle assessments necessary

A

Helps work out the environmental impact of a product, from raw materials to disposal of the product

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17
Q

What is an electrolyte

A

A substance that breaks up into ions when it is dissolved in water or body fluids

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18
Q

What is an electrolyte

A

An ionic compound that breaks up into ions when it is dissolved in water or body fluids

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19
Q

Define electrolysis

A

Process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen

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20
Q

Are metal ions positively or negatively charged

A

Positively charged

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21
Q

What happens during the electrolysis of copper sulphate

A

Copper ions gain electrons and deposited as metal coppers

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22
Q

Why is carbon dioxide a gas even at low temperatures

A

Weak intermolecular form low energy required to break them

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23
Q

What happens to the reactivity in a group 1 alkali metal

A

Increases further down the group

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24
Q

What happens to the reactivity in a group 7 halogen

A

Increases further up the group

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25
Why does reactivity increase furthers down the group 1 alkali metals
The outer electron is getting further away from the nucleus
26
In a group 1 alkali metal is the attraction higher or lower
Lower
27
In a group 1 alkali metal is the outer electron easier to gain or lose
Lose
28
What happens when a halogen reacts with an alkali metal
Called a halide
29
What is an ion
An atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge
30
What is electrostatic interaction
Attractive force between objects with opposite electrical charges
31
Why do giant ionic substances have high melting points and boiling points
Large amounts of energy needed to break the many bonds
32
Why can’t giant ionic substances conduct electricity as a solid
No as ions can’t move
33
Why can giant ionic substance conduct electricity when melted and dissolved
Ions are free to move
34
What force hold ions together in a giant ionic substance
Electrostatic
35
What are 2 properties of giant ionic substances
Strong bonds, High melting points
36
Ionic bonding
Donation of electrons from a metal to a non metal , the electrostatic for between 2 opposites
37
What is a covalent bond
The sharing of electrons between 2 non metals
38
What is a neutralisation reaction
Acid and alkali react
39
Name the 6 stages of titration
1. Use a pipette to measure a fixed volume of alkali and put in a flask 2. Add a few drops of indicator into the flask and put flask on a white tile 3. Fill a burette with a dilute acid of a known concentration 4. Add acid from the burette and swirl the flask 5. Repeat 6. Write down the volume
40
What is collision theory
Explains how reactions happen Particles must collide with enough activation energy to react More particles that have activation energy more frequent and successful collisions there will be + higher rate of reaction
41
What is an endothermic reaction
A chemical proved that absorbs heat from its surroundings with a decreasing temperature
42
What is an exothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat with an increasing temperature
43
What is the difference between chemical and physical changes in reactions
Physical alters the state size or shape of a substance a reversible change Chemical creates a new substance by combining existing substances irreversible changes
44
what does the term equilibrium mean
A state in which opposing forces are balanced
45
What 3 things happen when hydrocarbon chains get longer
Boiling point increases Thickness increases Flammability decreases
46
Alkanes burn completely in oxygen to form which 2 products
Hydrogen Carbon dioxide
47
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
48
What’s the general formula of an alkane with an example
CnH2n+2 propane
49
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated and what is the general formula with an example
Unsaturated CnH2n, ethane
50
What does cracking mean
Breaking down long hydrocarbons into smaller more shorter molecules with heat and a catalyst
51
What is the process by which we separate crude oil into useful components
Fractional distillation
52
Stages of crude oil making
1. Heat it until it turns into a gas 2.Gas rises into fractionating column 3. Separate due to diverse boiling points 4. Condense at different temperatures
53
Why do atoms have no overall charge
Have the same number of protons and electrons Protons positive and electrons negative
54
How to tell atomic number
Number of protons and electrons (bottom number)
55
How to work out number of neutrons
Mass number (top)- number of protons
56
What is an isotope
Same atomic number but different mass number
57
Which number is the relative atomic mass
The larger one
58
What is the composition of the atmosphere today
Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Other gases 1%
59
2 ways the amount of co2 has decreased from the early atmosphere
Photosynthesis Sedimentary rocks
60
1 way the amount of O2 increased from the early atmosphere
Photosynthesis by plants and algae
61
Name 3 greenhouse gases
Co2, Methane and Water Vapur.
62
2 human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Deforestation Burning fossil fuels
63
3 ways carbon footprint can be reduced
Walk or bike to work Insulate your house Buy meat and fish from a sustainable source
64
What are the 5 stages of the greenhouse effect
1. The sun emits short wavelength radiation which passes through the atmosphere to earth 2. The earth absorbs the short wave length radiation 3. The earth remits long wavelength radiation 4. Greenhouse gases absorb the long wavelength radiation 5. Greenhouse gases re- radiate the long wavelength radiation in all directions
65
What is an ion and how is it formed
An atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge and must gain or lose an electron
66
What is the formula for : Magnesium chloride Calcium sulphide Lithium oxide
Mgcl2 CaS Li2O
67
What holds the ions together in a giant ionic lattice
Strong ionic bond and electrostatic forces
68
Why do ionic compounds have high MPs and BPs
Large amounts of energy is needed to break the many strong bonds
69
Why can ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water
The ionic lattice is broken down allowing the ions to move freely
70
What does the Haber process produce and why is it so important around the world
Ammonia, which is used as fertiliser in industries worldwide.
71
What is the pressure needed for the Haber process
200 atmospheres (ATM)
72
Why is the Haber Process a reversible reaction.
An equilibrium is achieved and the arrow is there
73
What are the 2 starting chemicals in the Haber Processs and where do we get them from
Nitrogen (extracted from the air) Hydrogen (obtained by natural gas)
74
What temperature is needed for the Haber Process
450 °C
75
What is the catalyst needed for the Haber Process
Iron
76
What is a greenhouse gas
Gases in earths atmosphere that trap heat
77
What problems do sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide cause
Acid rain and smog
78
What are ionic bonds between
Metal and non metal
79
What are covalent bonds between
2 Non metals
80
What happens during Ionic bonding
Metal donates an electron to a non metal
81
Colours of universal indicator
Red/ orange in acid Green in neutral Blue/ purple in alkali
82
Colours of methyl orange
Red in acid Orange in neutral Yellow in alkali
83
Phenolphthalein colours
Colourless in acid Colourless in neutral Pink in alkali
84
What are the metals called in hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acid
Metal chlorides Metal sulphates Metal nitrates
85
What best describes what happens during electrolysis
Ionic compounds are decomposed
86
If you complete electrolysis with a powder rather than a solution why won’t it work
No current will flow as ions can’t move in a lattice
87
How could a pure dry sample of a precipitate be obtained from a mixture in a test tube
Filter the mixture then clean the solid with distilled water then let sit
88
How is the electronic configuration of chlorine linked to its period in the periodic table
Chlorine has 3 shells so chlorine is in period 3, the number of shells is the period number

Chemistry (4 decks)

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