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Part II > General Irrigation Terminologies > Flashcards

General Irrigation Terminologies Flashcards

1
Q

areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes

A

access areas

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2
Q

volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal water level

A

active storage

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3
Q

rate of evapotranspiration equal to or smaller than predicted crop evapotranpiration as affected by the level of available soil water, salinity, field size or other causes

A

actual crop evapotranspiration

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4
Q

rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level which result after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced

A

afflux elevation

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5
Q

overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water

A

algal bloom

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6
Q

ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the root zone to the average depth of irrigation water applied

A

application efficiency

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7
Q

geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to be economically developed for pumping artificially developed well

A

aquifer

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8
Q

cross-sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow

A

area

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9
Q

field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field

A

basin

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10
Q

type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil or the excess is drained off

A

basin irrigation

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11
Q

maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil

A

bearing capacity

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12
Q

method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth

A

border irrigation

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13
Q

area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation stream from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip

A

border strip

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14
Q

inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom

A

channel bed slope

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15
Q

groundwater that is confined by relatively impermeable layer

A

confined aquifer

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16
Q

introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use

A

contamination

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17
Q

ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to that released at the project’s headwork

A

conveyance efficiency

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18
Q

loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and percolation

A

conveyance loss

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19
Q

depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no other backwater forces are involved

A

critical depth

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20
Q

ratio of the actual crop evpotranspiration to its potential evapotranspiration

A

crop coefficient

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21
Q

rate of evapotranspiration of a disease-free crop growing in a large field (one or more ha) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and achieving full production potential of that crop under the given growing environment; includes water loss through transpiration by the vegetation, and evaporation from the
soil surface and wet leaves

A

crop evapotranspiration

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22
Q

sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular field or fields

A

cropping pattern

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23
Q

amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum of evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage and percolation losses

A

crop water requirements

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24
Q

any barrier constructed to store water

A

dam

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25
Q

vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

A

dam height

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26
Q

volume below the intake structure; sediment volume based on 25 years of accumulation in the reservoir

A

dead storage

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27
Q

depth of water in the channel cross-section

A

depth

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28
Q

actual height of the embankment after settlement

A

designed height

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29
Q

maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering the extent of arable lands and the available water supply

A

design irrigable area

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30
Q

numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural irrigation systems

A

distribution uniformity

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31
Q

structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water level and divert the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity

A

diversion dam

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32
Q

the total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake, or reservoir, or removed from the ground in order to irrigate a crop

A

diversion water requirement

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33
Q

involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from the emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted

A

drip irrigation

trickle irrigation

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34
Q

in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a lower level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting from the drop in elevation

A

drop

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35
Q

amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and interception

A

effective rainfall

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36
Q

soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts most of the water needed for evapotranspiration

A

effective rooting depth

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37
Q

particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing

A

effective size

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38
Q

discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial and recreational facilities

A

effluent

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39
Q

any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land

A

effluent standard

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40
Q

water conveying conduit or trough which is supported on abutments by piers

A

elevated flume

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41
Q

spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line

A

emitter spacing

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42
Q

applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure

A

emitters

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43
Q

grade line of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels

A

energy grade line

specific energy line

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44
Q

provision for passing of equipment and small machinery

A

equipment crossing

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45
Q

combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated from the soil, water, and plant surfaces

A

evapotranspiration

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46
Q

channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field

A

farm ditch

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47
Q

dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping

A

filter drain

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48
Q

height of the embankment to be attained during construction

A

finished height

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49
Q

amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and losses less the effective rainfall

A

farm water requirement

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50
Q

additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent overtopping by wave action or other causes

A

freeboard

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51
Q

small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop

A

furrows

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52
Q

method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels as it moves down the slope of the field

A

furrow irrigation

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53
Q

small channel along one part of a field that is used for distributing water in surface irrigation

A

head ditch

supply ditch

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54
Q

dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope protection

A

homogeneous embankment

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55
Q

ratio of flow area to the wetted top width

A

hydraulic depth

56
Q

profile of the free water surface

A

hydraulic grade line

hydraulic gradient

57
Q

occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity strikes water of sufficient depth

A

hydraulic jump

58
Q

cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter

A

hydraulic radius

59
Q

estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given event by determining the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic data

A

hydrologic frequency analysis

60
Q

slope of the upstream face of the embankment

A

inside slope

61
Q

inside bottom or sill of t the conduit

A

invert

62
Q

closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local depressions

A

inverted siphon

63
Q

time required to cover an area with one application of water

A

irrigation period

64
Q

geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

A

Karst topography

65
Q

amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking

A

land preparation water requirement

66
Q

amount of water required in lowland rice production which is a function of the initial soil moisture and the physical properties of the soil

A

land soaking water requirement

67
Q

spacing between irrigation laterals

A

lateral spacing

68
Q

deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts or nutrients

A

leaching

69
Q

canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for channel stabilization and/or reduced seepage

A

lined channel

lined canal

70
Q

allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land

A

loading limit

71
Q

portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals

A

manifold

72
Q

measure of the variability of discharge of a random sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any field operations or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200 degree Celsius

A

manufacturer’s coefficient of variation

73
Q

spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way

A

natural spillway

74
Q

constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a uniform flow condition

A

normal depth

75
Q

maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway

A

normal storage elevation

76
Q

water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially full flow conditions

A

open channel flow

77
Q

drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from field tests

A

optimal emitter spacing

78
Q

slope at the downstream face of the embankment

A

outside slope

79
Q

ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

A

pan coefficient

80
Q

rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

A

pan evaporation

81
Q

vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by soil structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and concentration

A

percolation

82
Q

method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient

A

permeability test

83
Q

any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land resource so as to affect or tend to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or potentially hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable odor, temperature change or physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of the water body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or quality standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction
prescribed in these guidelines

A

pollutant

84
Q

sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage and percolation will be measured

A

pond

85
Q

area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land

A

potential irrigable area

86
Q

rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is a hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, a fixed surface resistance of 70 s/m and an albedo of 0.23

A

reference crop evapotranspiration

87
Q

part of the system that impounds the runoff

A

reservoir

88
Q

moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply has been cut-off

A

residual moisture content

89
Q

areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians and othersimilar areas

A

restricted areas

90
Q

taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in another process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture

A

re-use

91
Q

conveys canal water under roads or railroads

A

road crossing

92
Q

tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps are set above the water level

A

shallow tubewell

93
Q

occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region

A

seismicity

94
Q

water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as open ditches, canals, natural channels, and waterway

A

seepage

95
Q

line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

A

seepage line

phreatic line

96
Q

distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or area of concern that is sensitive to contamination

A

setback distance

97
Q

ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall

A

side slope

98
Q

slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels

A

slope of the energy grade line

99
Q

slope of the free water surface

A

slope of the hydraulic grade line

100
Q

channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the active storage space of the reservoir

A

spillway

101
Q

method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where water is distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground

A

sprinkler irrigation

102
Q

distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral

A

sprinkler spacing

103
Q

total capacity at normal water surface elevation

A

storage capacity

104
Q

ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for embankment construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of reservoir

A

storage ratio

105
Q

vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock

A

structural height

106
Q

application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. Either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders)

A

surface irrigation system

107
Q

width of the channel cross-section at the free surface

A

top width

108
Q

aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone of saturation

A

unconfined aquifer

109
Q

ratio of the particle size at 60% pasing to that at 10% passing

A

uniformity coefficient

110
Q

occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity through a reach of channel

A

uniform flow

111
Q

rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200 mm/month, five dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of 100mm-200mm/month and total annual rainfall above 1500 mm

A

unimodal rainfall pattern

112
Q

canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the bed are used to form the embankment

A

unlined channels

unlined canal

112
Q

canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the bed are used to form the embankment

A

unlined channels

unlined canal

113
Q

side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

A

upstream face

114
Q

any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded

A

waste

115
Q

waste in liquid state containing pollutants

A

wastewater

116
Q

accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation

A

water balance

117
Q

area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir

A

watershed

118
Q

privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

A

water right

119
Q

record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness, degree of consolidation and other aquifer physical characteristics

A

well log

120
Q

reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high mountain barriers

A

well-protected reservoir

121
Q

diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at a given pressure and no wind

A

wetted diameter

122
Q

portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing water

A

wetted perimeter

123
Q

width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their optimal spacing along a single lateral line

A

wetted widths

124
Q

dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more pervious materials

A

zoned embankment

125
Q

where crops are planted in succession, year after year

A

Crop Rotation

126
Q

where four crops are grown in sequence, one after the other

A

Multiple Cropping

127
Q

where short duration catch crops are grown between rows of long-duration crops

A

Intercropping

128
Q

where different are planted in a tight schedule

A

Relay cropping

129
Q

Two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April: wet during the rest of the year.
Ex.
All provinces on the Western part of the Islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Palawan.

A

Type I Climate

130
Q

No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January.
Ex.
The areas covered are Catanduanes, Sorsogon, the Eastern part of Albay, the Eastern and Northern Parts of Camarines Norte, a great portion of the Eastern part of Quezon, the Eastern part of Leyte and a large portion of Eastern Mindanao

A

Type II Climate

131
Q

No pronounced season, relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.
Ex.
This type of climate covers the Western portion of the Mountain Province, Southern Quezon the Bontoc Peninsula, Masbate, Romblon, Northeast Panay, Eastern Negros, Central and Southern Cebu, part of Northern Mindanao and most of Eastern Palawan.

A

Type III Climate

132
Q

Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
Ex.
The areas covered are Batanes Province, North-eastern Luzon, Western Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, Albay, Eastern Mindoro, Marinduque, Western Leyte, Northern Negros and most of Central, Eastern and Southern Mindanao.

A

Type IV Climate

133
Q

The surface is rarely wet since the water is supplied from the soil underneath. This requires complete control of the water table so that the root zone is kept relatively free of excess water but is continually supplied with capillary moisture during the cropping season

A

sub-irrigation

134
Q

The sum of total static head, pressure head, velocity head and friction head.

A

Total Dynamic Head

Part II (3 decks)

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