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Colregs 1972 SDB > General IRPCS Questions > Flashcards

General IRPCS Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How are the Collision Regulations grouped, and when were they adopted?

A

Adopted in 1972, in force in 1977 - 6 Parts, 41 rules, and 4 Annexes: IMO breaks the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS/IRPCS) down as follows:

Part A General: Rules 1 to 3

Part B Steering and Sailing: Rules 4 to 19

  • Section i - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4 - 10)
  • Section ii - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18)
  • Section iii - Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (Rule 19)

Part C Lights and Shapes: Rules (20 to 31)

Part D Sound and Light Signals (Rules 32 to 37)

Part E Exemptions (Rule 38)

Part F Verification of compliance with the provisions of the Convention

Rule 39 Provides Definitions

Rule 40 Says that Contracting Parties shall use the provisions of the Code for Implementation in the execution of their obligations and responsibilities contained in the present Convention.

Rule 41 on Verification of compliance says that every Contracting Party is subject to periodic audits by IMO.

The COLREGS include Four Annexes:

I: Positioning & technical detail of lights & shapes

II: Additional signals for Fishing Vessels Fishing in Close Proximity

III: Technical Details of Sound Signal Appliances

IV: Distress Signals , indicating distress and need of assistance (15)

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2
Q

To whom do the rules of the Regulations apply? Quote which rule too.

A

Rule 1: To all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.

However there are other rules in addition to these rules, such as special rules, also known as local bylaws.

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3
Q

Where can you expect special rules and where can you find information on them?

A

In specific areas made by an appropriate authority - information to be found in pilot books, Sailing Directions

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4
Q

For which ships can a government require additional station and/or signal lights?

A

Vessels that cannot comply with the rules regarding the positioning of navigation lights, e.g.;

Certain support vessels
Heavy cargo ships
Aircraft carriers
Submarines

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5
Q

Where do you find most important additional lights, day marks and signals?

A

Annex 1 & 2 other than Part C of Colregs

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6
Q

When is it possible to get dispensation for the rules concerning the use of lights, day marks, whistle signals, etc.?

A

When the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of the Rules with respect to Part C, D, and E of the Colregs.

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7
Q

Which authority can adopt a traffic separation scheme?

A

The “Organisation” - IMO, for the purpose of the Rules in Colregs.

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8
Q

Parts of Rule 2?

A

“Responsibility”:

A) Nothing shall exonerate any vessel, the owner, or master of crew thereof, from consequence of any neglect to comply with the Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practise of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

B) In complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

ie:

A) Nothing exonerates anyone from consequences of neglect to comply with rules, or neglecting precautions that may be required by ordinary practise, or by special circumstances.

B) In the interest of safety in an exceptional situation, Rule 2(b) gives us freedom to avoid a collision and minimise damage by departing from the rules if needed. Due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including limitations of vessels, which may require departure of rules.. etc

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9
Q

Which two dangers, which justify the application of rule 2 (b), are mentioned in Rule 2 (b)?

A

Dangers of navigation and collision, & any special circumstances that include the limitations of the vessels involved.

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10
Q

Do only the dangers mentioned in rule 2 (b) restrict the application of this Rule?

A

No, seafarers are also expected to take into account recommendations given in Notices to Mariners and other official publications, e.g. Action taken in accordance with the advice to avoid a squadron or convoy on the port bow would not be a departure from the Rules if executed at a long range before risk of collision begins to apply.

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11
Q

Rule 3: Define “ship”

A

Also “vessel”: Every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft, WIG craft, and seaplanes used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.

E.g. hydrofoils, hovercraft, WIG vessels

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12
Q

Rule 3: Define “Power-driven vessel”

A

Any vessel propelled by machinery.

Three categories are not treated as power-driven even if they are propelled by machinery:

1) Vessels NUC when not making way through water
2) Vessels RAM when not making way through water
3) Vessels engaged in fishery that are RAM, when not making way through water

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13
Q

Rule 3: Define “Sailing vessel”

A

Any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.

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14
Q

Rule 3: Define “Vessel engaged in fishing”

A

Any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.

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15
Q

Rule 3: Define “Seaplane”

A

Any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.

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16
Q

Rule 3: Define “Vessel not under command”, also name lights and sound signals.

A
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17
Q

Rule 3: Define “Underway”

A

A vessel which is not at anchor (or if anchor drags, is not holding), not made fast to the shore, and is not aground.

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18
Q

Rule 3: Define “Length and breadth overall”

A

Length overall and greatest breadth.

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19
Q

Rule 3: When shall vessels be deemed to be in sight of one another?

A

When one can be observed visually from the other.

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20
Q

Rule 3: Define “Restricted visibility”

A

Any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sand storms, or any other similar causes.

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21
Q

Rule 3: Define “Wing-in-ground (WIG) craft”.

A

A multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by using surface-effect action.

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22
Q

Rule 4

A

Section 1 of Colregs (Rules 4 to 10)

“Application”: Rules in this section apply in any condition of visibility.

Thus: in clear visibility or restricted visibility

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23
Q

Rule 5

A

Look-out

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

MGN 315 (M) Keeping a safe navigational watch on merchant vessels

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24
Q

Can full speed be a safe speed

A

Yes, even in restricted visibility, especially on the high seas, in most traffic separation schemes and on fairways that are considered fundamentally safe. Providing a vessel is using radar and AIS in the right way it can be a safe speed under most conditions.

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25
Q

Rule 6

A

Safe Speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.

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26
Q

Which factors do you take into consideration when determining safe speed?

A

A) All vessel:
I) state of visibility
II) traffic density including the concentration of fishing vessels or any other vessels
III) manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions
IV) at night, the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights
V) state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards
VI) draught in relation to the available depth of water

B) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
I) characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the Radar equipment
II) constraints imposed by the Radar range scale in use
III) effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference
IV) possibility that small vessels , ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range
V) number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar
VI) more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

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27
Q

Rule 7

A

Risk of Collision

A) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.

i.e. sight, hearing, all available means/equipment on the bridge.

B) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning and Radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.

C) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.

D) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:

i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;
ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

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28
Q

Which requirements have to be met to avoid a collision?

A
  • Actions to avoid collision have to be in accordance with rule 8
  • Be positive (easily seen and effective)
  • Made in ample time
  • Due regard to the observance of good seamanship
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29
Q

What is a rule of thumb concerning the alteration of course as a means to avoid a collision?

A

Alterations of course should be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar, avoiding a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed.

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30
Q

In which ways can you give way to another vessel?

A

Slow down (possibly come all the way off, or reverse means of propulsion), Parallel their course and allow them to pass at safe distance (effectiveness to be checked until the other vessel is finally passed and clear)

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31
Q

Which obligation remains, even after giving way to another vessel?

A

Keep out of the way.

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32
Q

Where is impeding mentioned in the Colregs?

A
  • Rule 9b, 9c and 9d
  • Rule 10i and 10j
  • Rule 18d (i)
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33
Q

How do you define a fairway or narrow channel?

A

The OOW decides if he is sailing in a narrow channel or not. Factors taken into consideration are;

  • That you may be in a narrow channel based on buoyage
  • The width of the navigable fairway. (Navigable is a different concept for different types of vessels)
  • The draught and the manoeuvrability of the vessel are important with respect to a fairway

A traffic separation scheme is not a narrow channel and is subject to rule 10.

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34
Q

A vessel sailing in a narrow channel gets hit by a vessel crossing the channel, what must he be able to prove?

A
  • That he was not able to leave the channel, due to his draught
  • that he could not slow down (i.e. because of a strong current or vessels following him).

NB: Rule 9 overrides rule 18

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35
Q

Maximum angle at which to join or leave the traffic separation?

A

20 degrees

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36
Q

Which vessels are exempted from complying with Rule 10?

A

k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme, to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.

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37
Q

When may a vessel use inshore traffic zones?

A

Rule 10:

i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20m in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.
ii) A vessel may also use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.

Summary:

  • Vessels less than 20m in length
  • Sailing vessels
  • Vessels engaged in fishing
  • Vessel en route to or from port, offshore installation or structure
  • Vessel en route to pilot station or or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone
  • To avoid immediate danger
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38
Q

When is a vessel deemed to be overtaking another vessel?

A

Rule 13 (b):

A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees a aft her beam, in such a position that at night she would be able to see only the stern light of that vessel but neither of her side lights.

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39
Q

Rule 13

A

Overtaking

a) Not withstanding any rules contained in Part B, Sections i and ii, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees a aft her beam, in such a position that at night she would be able to see only the stern light of that vessel but neither of her side lights.
c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
d) Any overtaking vessel shall not become a crossing vessel in any subsequent alterations of bearing or manoeuvres within the meaning of these rules - or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

Summary:

a) Keep out of way of a vertalen vessel
b) More than 22.5 degrees abaft beam and only seeing stern light not side lights
c) When in doubt, assume you are overtaking, act accordingly
d) Overtaking vessel never becomes crossing vessel subsequently, or relieve of duty to keep clear

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40
Q

What is the IMO?

A

The IMO is a body empowered by the UN to actively develop maritime safety regulations and protect the maritime environment. Based in London, IMO has 174 Member States and three Associate Members.

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41
Q

What is an M-notice? Who publishes them?

A

Notices publicised by the MCA to the shipping industry regarding important safety, pollution prevention, and other relevant information.

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42
Q

What is an MSN and what is it used for?

A

Merchant Shipping Notice:

Convey mandatory information that must be complied with under UK legislation. They relate to Statutory Instruments and contain the technical detail of such regulations, printed on white paper.

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43
Q

What is an MGN?

A

Marine Guidance Note:

Give significant advice and guidance relating to the improvement of the safety of shipping and of life at sea and to prevent or minimise pollution from shipping, printed on blue paper.

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44
Q

What is a MIN?

A

Marine Information Notice:

More limited audience, e.g. training establishments or equipment manufacturers, or contain information that will only be of use for a short period of time, such as time tables for MCA exams, printed on green paper.

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45
Q

IALA B countries

A

Countries of American Influence sir.

North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean, Philippines, Korea, Japan

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46
Q

What sequence wil you describe a vessel to the master as lookout?

A

Type What do you see?
Length How big is it?
Aspect Aspect
Special circumstances Work in progress
Under way Moving or not?
Making way Propelled?

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47
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54
Q

Rule 10

A

MGN 364 (M + F)

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55
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59
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60
Q

Quote Rule 16 verbatim.

A
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61
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64
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65
Q
A

In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed: a white all-round light, 3 miles.

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66
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A
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67
Q

Audible Ranges

A
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68
Q

ANNEX IV DISTRESS SIGNALS:

  1. What are the IRCPS listed distress signals?
A
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69
Q

List the contents of a SOLAS life-raft.

A

LSA Code.

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70
Q

Discuss how you would conduct a radio distress call procedure.

A
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71
Q

Can you list the certificates to be carried onboard a commercial vessel over 500GT?

A
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72
Q
A
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73
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85
Q
A

Uses include the marking of: CROFTS

  • Cables or pipelines
  • Recreational zones
  • ODAS buoys (Ocean Data Acquisition System) group flashing 5 every 20 seconds, FL(5)20s
  • Firing military exercise zones
  • TSS’s where use of conventional channel marking might cause confusion
  • Spoil grounds
  • Also used to define a channel within a channel
86
Q
A

Retroreflectors red over wight vertical or red over white horizontal.

87
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102
Q
A

This is a Port Hand Special Marker, marker placed to port of special area, with general direction of buoyage thus alter to port for this buoy.

Top mark of all special marks is a yellow X.

4 Different Shapes of these Buoys:

  • Spar Buoy
  • Conical
  • Cylindrical
  • Pillar
  • Spherical
  • Regular Type A buoy
  • Port hand special mark (lateral special mark) going WITH direction of buoys, placed port side of special area thus alter to port to avoid
  • Starboard hand special mark (lateral special mark) going WITH direction of buoys, placed starboard side of special area thus alter to starboard to avoid

Retroreflector:

One Yellow Band

CROMTS:

  • Channel within Channel (Perhaps a deep water channel)
  • Recreation zones
  • ODAS buoys/Outfall (group flash 5 every 20s) “Ocean Danger Acquisition Systems” Meteorological buoys gather info about wind speed, pressure, salinity, temperature)
  • Military exercise zones
  • TSS where use of conventional channel marking might cause confusion
  • Spoil grounds (avoid anchoring there)
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133
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Rule 20

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134
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Rule 23

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135
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What’s Rule 24?

A
136
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Rule 25

A
137
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Rule 26

A
138
Q

Rule 27 NUC & RAM light characteristics.

A
139
Q

RULE 27 NUC & RAM

A
140
Q

RULE 27 NUC & RAM

A
141
Q

Rule 27 NUC & RAM

A
142
Q

RULE 27 NUC & RAM

A
143
Q

RULE 28

A

CBD

144
Q

RULE 29

A

PILOT VESSEL

145
Q

RULE 30

A

ANCHORED VESSELS AND VESSEL AGROUND

146
Q

RULE 30

A

VESSELS AT ANCHOR AND VESSEL AGROUND

147
Q

RULE 32:

  1. Define “whistle”.
  2. Define “short blast”
  3. Define “prolonged blast”
  4. Define interspace duration.
A
  1. ANY sound signalling appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and which complies with the specifications in Annex III to these Regulations.
  2. A blast of about 1 second’s duration.
  3. A blast of 4 to 6 second’s duration.
  4. Approximately 1 second.
148
Q

RULE 34

A
149
Q

RULE 35

A

SOUND SIGNALS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY

150
Q

DAY SHAPE DIAMETER AND DISTANCES

A
151
Q

COLREGS ANNEX II

A
152
Q

ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

A
153
Q

ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

A
154
Q

ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

A
155
Q

TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNALLING APPLIANCES

A
156
Q

CHART PROJECTIONS

A
157
Q

PROCEDURE TO USE GNOMIC AND MERCATOR CHARTS FOR GREAT CIRCLE SAILING PART 1

A
158
Q

PROCEDURE TO USE GNOMIC AND MERCATOR CHARTS FOR GREAT CIRCLE SAILING PART 2

A
159
Q

Describe in short how to correct charts and publications?

A
160
Q

CHART OBJECTS APPRECIATION

A
161
Q

CHART OBJECTS APPRECIATION

A
162
Q

Receiving the signal “YG” by whatever means tells you what?

See MGN 364 (M + F)

A

You appear not to be complying with the TSS

163
Q

Pneumonic for assessment of safe speed when using radar.

A

CHARLIE: Limitations, efficiency, characteristics of radars in use.

CARR: Constraints imposed by radar range scale in use.

EATS: Effect on radar detection of sea state, weather and other sources of interference.

PIE: Possibility of small vessels, ice, and floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range.

NO: Number, location, and movement of vessels detected by radar.

MORE: More accurate appraisal that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

164
Q

On which side do you generally pass a safe water mark?

A

Port side, thus alter to starboard to pass.

165
Q

Sound signal for Morse Code A (Diver Down)?

A

1 Short 1 Prolonged

166
Q

As a power driven vessel you are stopped in the water but underway and have a vessel crossing from your starboard beam, your engines are out of gear. Who has right of way?

A

She does, a power driven vessel which is stopped underway must, unless she is not under command, or RAM, keep out of the way of another vessel which approaches so as to involve risk of collision from any direction between right ahead and 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on her starboard side. The approaching ship must not be expected to take avoiding action. A vessel lying stopped with her engines ready for manoeuvre is not entitled to show any special lights or shapes to indicate that she is privileged and must comply with rules 14, 15, and 18.

167
Q

You are underway as a power driven vessel and have a NUC comes up from astern, who is give way?

A

NUC, Rule 13 overrides all other rules in section 1 and 2, therefore the NUC must keep clear.

168
Q

Name all power driven vessels, if risk of collision exists with these, what action do you take?

A
  • Tug and tow
  • Power driven
  • CBD

Avoid an alteration of course to port for a power driven vessel, thus alter to starboard, or slow down or stop.

169
Q

TSS, who should avoid impeding you as a power driven vessel?

A
  • Sailing vessels
  • Vessel less than 20 meters in length
  • Fishing vessel should not impede ALL vessels, not just power driven.
170
Q

In IRCPS it states that a power driven vessel shall not turn to port in which rules?

A

14, 15, and 17.

171
Q

What is;

  1. Occulting?
  2. Morse code A?
  3. Isophase?
A
  1. More light than dark
  2. One short and one prolonged
  3. Equal periods of light and dark
172
Q

FR means what on a chart?

A

Fixed Red

173
Q

Does a dead reckon include leeway?

A

No, only speed through water and heading.

174
Q

Describe your recommendation for radar setup?

A

In order to use the radar for collision avoidance specifically, set up:

  • Relative motion: Own vessel will show no trail, this targets will show relative trails
  • North Up/Course Up: Both are gyro stabilised displays, as our own ships heading moves or changes, because our heading is stabilised to gyro, targets around us will not move around as we yaw. It allows ARPA the required 3 minutes of steady state tracking to give us accurate results.
  • Sea stabilised: fixed objects will show true vectors, as well as own vessel (if own vessel shows a vector then we are in true vectors settings). Course over ground (ground stabilised) is NOT heading, and heading we need to derive aspects and comply with COLREGS.
  • Relative trails: to help tel us quickly if risk of collision exists, relative trail effectively shows us OA of the WOA triangle to give us indication of risk of collision, but also tells us where the plot is coming from.
  • True Vectors: Best indication of aspect, by looking at the vector of the target and putting the EBL on the target, we can clearly see the aspect of the approaching target. Calculate carefully by using radar bearing scale. Giving us a good indication of the situation around us and an improved ability to apply rule 19.
175
Q

Name Rules 23 to 30.

A 
23 - Perky       PDV
24 - Tommy   Towing and Pushing
25 - Star     Sailing + vessel under oar
26 - Finds        Fishing Vessel
27 - No            NUC and RAM
28 - Caring      CBD
29 - Piglets      Pilot 
30 - Around    Anchored + Aground
176
Q
  1. How do you know a vessel is definitively Underway and Making Way with sidelights? What happens if their sidelights are off?
  2. How do you know when a vessel is only POSSIBLY making way?
A
  1. Vessels required to show sidelights when MAKING WAY are:
  • NUC
  • RAM
  • FISHING
  • TRAWLING

These vessels are Underway but NOT MAKING WAY if the side lights are off, EXCEPT:

  • FISHING
  • TRAWLING
  • RAM Underwater Ops

These may also be at anchor as well as stopped (with no anchor lights)

  1. Underway POSSIBLY making way with sidelights include:
  • PDV
  • PDV Tow
  • CBD
  • Sail
  • Pilot
  • Mine Clearance Vessels
177
Q

How can you establish that a vessels length is unknown vs. probably known vs. definitely known?

A

The following vessels length are PROBABLY known
when masthead lights are spotted:
- PDV (PDV less than 50m may exhibit 2 masthead lights not just the 1, PDV over 50 must show 2 masthead lights)
- RAM
- Vessels with just one light e.g Trawling vessel with one masthead light abaft and higher than the all-round green/red light (of over 50m in length shall be required to display)
- Trawler without a masthead light means probably over 20m but definitely under 50m

Definitely known:

Trawling vessel with one white masthead light is over 50m as per Rule 26.

The following vessels are length UNKNOWN (no mastheads):

  • Trawler (if under 50m not required to display a masthead light)
  • Fishing Vessel
  • Pilot
  • Sail
  • NUC
  • Any vessel from astern

Sailor Pilots Nuc Fish From Astern

Remember a Fishing vessel Underway OR at Anchor MUST display only the lights as described in Rule 26.

178
Q
A
179
Q
A
180
Q

Sound signal for vessel at anchor under 100m, and over 100m?

A

Under 100m: continuous ringing of ships bell for 5 seconds intervals not exceeding 1 minute (optionally add Romeo - short long short).

Over 100m: continuous ringing for 5 seconds followed by 5 seconds continuous ringing on ships gong (optionally add Romeo - short long short)

Ships horn for “R” can be heard from further away.

181
Q

List the contents of a Rescue Boat.

A
  • Fire Extinguisher (Foam)
  • Compass (luminous)
  • Foot pump
  • 2 x TPAs
  • Bailer (buoyant)
  • Safety Knife (buoyant)
  • Sea anchor (min 10m line)
  • 50m floating tow line
  • Sponge
  • Tube repair kit
  • Torch with spare bulb and battery
  • Search light able to last 3hrs
  • Radar Reflector
  • Safety boat hook
  • Ladder
  • Means of recovery of person from water (jacobs cradle)
  • Oars x 2 (buoyant)
  • Whistle
  • First aid kit
  • 2 x rescue quoit with 30m line
  • 6 knots capability with compliment of 4 people (double check this)
  • Retroreflective tape

Colregs 1972 SDB (1 decks)

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