General Info Exam I Flashcards
What are the components of the conducting portion of the lungs? That we cover at this time…
Trachea
Bronchi
broncioles (to terminal bronchiole)
What are the four characteristic of the trachea we covered histologically
Basement membrane
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Mucous cells
What shape does tracheal cartilage have?
C shaped rings (16-20 hyaline cartilage rings)
When does bronchus become bronchiole?
Cartilage plates no longer present and caliber of bronchial tube less than 1mm
How do you determine when you enter a terminal bronchiole?
changes from pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar
two types of columnar cells present (ciliated and non-ciliated secretory)
Goblet cells disappear
glands disappear
smooth muscle increases
elastic fibers increase
Club or - Clara cells secrete? It serves to?
Clara cell secretory protein, similar to lung surfactant.
Engulf and break down toxins. Also progenitor cells for regeneration of ciliated epithelial cells
In the respiratory region of the lung, what are the five components?
respiratory bronchioles (RB)
alveolar ducts (AD)
atrium (At)
alveolar sacs (AS)
alveoli (A)
What is shown here?

Respiratory bronchiole
What is this?

Alveolus
What is shown here? What are the arrows indicating? What is the function of the structure the arrows show?
What negative consequence of this structure is there?

Alveoli
Alveolar pores
prevent alveolar collapse from pressure build up in adjacent alveolus
may permit spread of infection.
What cells form alveolar wall? List by group.
2 groups…
** surface cells**
type I alveolar cell
type II alveolar cell
** intramural cells**
endothelial cells
fibroblasts (CT cells) smooth muscle cells
What cell type is described?
squamous cell with:
attenuated cytoplasm
mitochondria (M)
Golgi complex (G)
Type I alveolar cell
What do type II alveolar cells produce? What does it do?
Surfactant
- reduces surface tension
- stabilizes alveolus
- keeps alveoli dry
What is indicated by the arrows?

Type II alveolar cell
large round cell, may protrude from alveolar wall
Globular surfactant is contained within what structure of the Type II cell?
Lamellar bodies
What are heart failure cells? What do they do? What are they derived from?
AKA alveolar macrophages, AKA dust cells
Phagocytose material in lungs.
Monocytic derivatives
How thick is the alveolar membrane?
.3 to .7 um thick
pulmonary arteries carry…
bronchial arteries carry…
deoxygenated blood to lung for reoxygenation
oxygen/nutrient-rich blood to lung tissue
What is described here?
medium muscular arteries
enter lung at hilum
distribute to lung
follow bronchial tree
bronchial arteries
What is described here?
large elastic arteries
enter lung at hilum
distribute to lung
follow bronchial tree
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins tend to run within?
Parenchyma
What are the muscles of inspiration?
–Diaphragm
–External intercostals
–Accessory muscles of inspiration include the scalenes and sternocleidomastoids
What are the muscles of expiration?
–(Passive during rest)
–Forced expiration can involve the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Transpulmonary pressure = ?
Transpulmonary pressure (PTM) = alveolar pressure (Palv) – intrapleural pressure (Ppl)
















