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BIOM1060 sem 1 > General info > Flashcards

General info Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main tissue types

A

Epithelia, connective tissue, muscle and neural tissue

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2
Q

What is an epithelia tissue?

A

external surface of body, lining internal surfaces, glands

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3
Q

what is connective tissue

A

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, connective tissue (loose and dense)

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4
Q

muscle tissue

A

cardiac, skeletal and smooth

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5
Q

neural tissue

A

neurons (glia)

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6
Q

stand up in the anatomical position

A

palms facing front, feet pointed forward

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7
Q

What is the anatomical position going up the body

A

superior (super duper, going up)

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8
Q

what is the anatomical position going down

A

inferior (pointing down)

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9
Q

anatomical position lateral

A

from inner body to outer

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10
Q

anatomical position medial

A

from outer body going inwards

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11
Q

anterior anat pos

A

(ventral) - in front of

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12
Q

posterior anat pos

A

(dorsal) behind

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13
Q

superficial anatomical direction

A

to the surface above

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14
Q

Is your back posterior or anterior to your heart

A

back is posterior (behind) the heart

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15
Q

are your blood vessels deep or superficial to your skin

A

they are deep because they are below the surface of the skin

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16
Q

what is deep anatomical direction

A

below the surface

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17
Q

what is proximal anatomical direction?

A
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18
Q

what is proximal anatomical direction

A

closer to the point of attachment

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19
Q

name an example of proximal direction to a point of attachment

A

the knee is proximal to the toes ( the knee is closer to the point of attachment of the leg limb)

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20
Q

Name an example of distal directions to a point of attachemnt

A

The fingers are distal to the elbow (they are further away from the point of attachment of the arm limb)

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21
Q

What is the anatomical direction when there are parts away from the body

A

distal

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22
Q

what is a sagittal plane? draw a line down your sagittal plane

A

divides body from left to right (midline)

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23
Q

what is a frontal plane? draw a imaginary line down your

A

coronal

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24
Q

what is a plane that crosses your body horizontally, that divides it superior to inferior

A

transverse

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25
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

controls protein synthesis, DNA &surrounds the nuclear envelope

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26
Q

what can be found in cytoplasm

A

organelles, cytosol, inclusions(chemical substances)

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27
Q

what organelles can be found in the cytoplasm

A

endo. ret, golgi apparatus, lysosmes, mitochondria &peroxiomes

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28
Q

how are the 2 endoplasmic reticulums joined

A

a network of memranes

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29
Q

explain the importance of the smooth endo. ret.

A

specialised functions in different cells (ie detox in kidney cells, makes steroid based hormones in testes)

30
Q

explain the importance of a rough endo ret.

A

makes proteins- packs and sends to golgi apparatus in transport vesicles

31
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

takes protein vesicles and sorts them then redistributes to their final destination (outside cell, other organelles etc)

32
Q

what are lysosomes and peroxisomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles with enzymes

33
Q

what are enzymes

A

catalysts for a specific biochemical reactions

34
Q

what does the mitochondria do

A

completes aerobic respiration for the cell (converts nutrients C02 to H2O, released energy stored as atp)

35
Q

what is atp

A

when the chemical bond between 2 phospates break - energy is released after this occurs

36
Q

how do we use ATP?

A

mechanical work, synthesis of new compounds, transport molecules across membrane

37
Q

Describe protein synthesis from start

A

Vesicles with proteins come off the rough endo, golgi modifies protein, proteins packed then taken elsewhere

38
Q

qualities of membrane and functions

A

Forms a mechanical barrier, selective permeability, communication and cell signaling, an electrochemical gradient

39
Q

describe a mechanical barrier

A

separates ICF from ECF

40
Q

what is ECF and ICF

A

extra-cellular fluid and intercelular fluid

41
Q

what is selective permeability

A

determines what molecules move through the ICF &ECF

42
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient

A

Important for neural and muscle function

43
Q

communication and cell signaling

A

receiving and interpreting messages from other cells

44
Q

are the polar heads on the outside or the inside on the biphospholipid cell membrane

A

outside

45
Q

Are the non-polar tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic (dont like water)

46
Q

Describe phospholipids

A

Have a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail and are sandwiched together

47
Q

what molecules can pass through the membrane

A

water , ethanol and gases (02, C02)

48
Q

what are non-penetrating molecules

A

Ions & (glucose and protein)

49
Q

what are Ions

A

an atom or molecule with an electrilcal charge

50
Q

what are the two types of transport across the membrane

A

active and passive

51
Q

what is active transport

A

needs energy(atp), molecules from low conc. to high conc. (concentration gradient), vesicular transport (exocytosis/endocytosis), secondary and primary transport

52
Q

what is passive transport

A

doesnt need atp, from high to low conc, simple division, osmosis

53
Q

does active or passive transport have facilitated difusion(carriers/channels)

A

passive

54
Q

what is difussion

A

movement of molecules from high conc. to low conc.

55
Q

what is difussion

A

movement of molecules from high conc. to low conc.

56
Q

what is a conc. gradient

A

difference of molecules across 2 areas (the more different the greater the conc. gradient)

57
Q

describe the difference between simple and facilitated difussion

A

solutes move through the membrane without help/facilitated is non-penetrating solutes moving through the membrane through carriers or through channels (draw a channel and a carrier)

58
Q

explain osmosis

A

movement of water from low osmolarity to high osmo.

59
Q

Fluid in the body

A

can be found intracellularly or in plasma (interstitial fluid) (extracellularly)

60
Q

what is tonacity

A

3 types of solution and is the effect a solution has on a cells shape and size due to osmosis

61
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

cell doesnt change, same osmolarity, no movement of water

62
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

cell swells, low osmolarity of solute in the solution, water moves into the cell

63
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

cells shrink, water moves out of the cell, high osmolarity of solute in the solution

64
Q

describe primary active transport

A

3 NA+ bind to pump, releases reaction and spits out NA+ to the opposite side, K+ then goes into the pump and goes where the NA+ came from to balcnce out the molecules

65
Q

describe secondary transport

A

1 molecule will move down the conc. gradient as sacrifice for the energy source then other molecules hitch a free ride to the other side of the membrane

66
Q

?? transport is for when molecules are too big to transport across a membrane

A

vesicle

67
Q

what are the 3 types of gated channels

A

chemical, voltage and mechanically

68
Q

what is the difference between chemically gateed and voltage

A

chemical needs a neurotransmitter to bind to the receptor to activate vs voltage which opens when membrane potential changes (too much +ve)

69
Q

what are the 2 types of changes that change the membrane potential

A

Graded(short distance) and action(long distance)

70
Q

what are the 2 types of refractory periods

A

absolute and relative

71
Q

what are teh 4 stages of action potentioa

A

BIOM1060 sem 1 (4 decks)

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