General info Flashcards
what are the 4 main tissue types
Epithelia, connective tissue, muscle and neural tissue
What is an epithelia tissue?
external surface of body, lining internal surfaces, glands
what is connective tissue
bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, connective tissue (loose and dense)
muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal and smooth
neural tissue
neurons (glia)
stand up in the anatomical position
palms facing front, feet pointed forward
What is the anatomical position going up the body
superior (super duper, going up)
what is the anatomical position going down
inferior (pointing down)
anatomical position lateral
from inner body to outer
anatomical position medial
from outer body going inwards
anterior anat pos
(ventral) - in front of
posterior anat pos
(dorsal) behind
superficial anatomical direction
to the surface above
Is your back posterior or anterior to your heart
back is posterior (behind) the heart
are your blood vessels deep or superficial to your skin
they are deep because they are below the surface of the skin
what is deep anatomical direction
below the surface
what is proximal anatomical direction?
what is proximal anatomical direction
closer to the point of attachment
name an example of proximal direction to a point of attachment
the knee is proximal to the toes ( the knee is closer to the point of attachment of the leg limb)
Name an example of distal directions to a point of attachemnt
The fingers are distal to the elbow (they are further away from the point of attachment of the arm limb)
What is the anatomical direction when there are parts away from the body
distal
what is a sagittal plane? draw a line down your sagittal plane
divides body from left to right (midline)
what is a frontal plane? draw a imaginary line down your
coronal
what is a plane that crosses your body horizontally, that divides it superior to inferior
transverse
what does the nucleus do
controls protein synthesis, DNA &surrounds the nuclear envelope
what can be found in cytoplasm
organelles, cytosol, inclusions(chemical substances)
what organelles can be found in the cytoplasm
endo. ret, golgi apparatus, lysosmes, mitochondria &peroxiomes
how are the 2 endoplasmic reticulums joined
a network of memranes
explain the importance of the smooth endo. ret.
specialised functions in different cells (ie detox in kidney cells, makes steroid based hormones in testes)
explain the importance of a rough endo ret.
makes proteins- packs and sends to golgi apparatus in transport vesicles
what is the golgi apparatus
takes protein vesicles and sorts them then redistributes to their final destination (outside cell, other organelles etc)
what are lysosomes and peroxisomes
membrane-bound vesicles with enzymes
what are enzymes
catalysts for a specific biochemical reactions
what does the mitochondria do
completes aerobic respiration for the cell (converts nutrients C02 to H2O, released energy stored as atp)
what is atp
when the chemical bond between 2 phospates break - energy is released after this occurs
how do we use ATP?
mechanical work, synthesis of new compounds, transport molecules across membrane
Describe protein synthesis from start
Vesicles with proteins come off the rough endo, golgi modifies protein, proteins packed then taken elsewhere
qualities of membrane and functions
Forms a mechanical barrier, selective permeability, communication and cell signaling, an electrochemical gradient
describe a mechanical barrier
separates ICF from ECF
what is ECF and ICF
extra-cellular fluid and intercelular fluid
what is selective permeability
determines what molecules move through the ICF &ECF
what is an electrochemical gradient
Important for neural and muscle function
communication and cell signaling
receiving and interpreting messages from other cells
are the polar heads on the outside or the inside on the biphospholipid cell membrane
outside
Are the non-polar tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic (dont like water)
Describe phospholipids
Have a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail and are sandwiched together
what molecules can pass through the membrane
water , ethanol and gases (02, C02)
what are non-penetrating molecules
Ions & (glucose and protein)
what are Ions
an atom or molecule with an electrilcal charge
what are the two types of transport across the membrane
active and passive
what is active transport
needs energy(atp), molecules from low conc. to high conc. (concentration gradient), vesicular transport (exocytosis/endocytosis), secondary and primary transport
what is passive transport
doesnt need atp, from high to low conc, simple division, osmosis
does active or passive transport have facilitated difusion(carriers/channels)
passive
what is difussion
movement of molecules from high conc. to low conc.
what is difussion
movement of molecules from high conc. to low conc.
what is a conc. gradient
difference of molecules across 2 areas (the more different the greater the conc. gradient)
describe the difference between simple and facilitated difussion
solutes move through the membrane without help/facilitated is non-penetrating solutes moving through the membrane through carriers or through channels (draw a channel and a carrier)
explain osmosis
movement of water from low osmolarity to high osmo.
Fluid in the body
can be found intracellularly or in plasma (interstitial fluid) (extracellularly)
what is tonacity
3 types of solution and is the effect a solution has on a cells shape and size due to osmosis
what is an isotonic solution
cell doesnt change, same osmolarity, no movement of water
what is a hypotonic solution
cell swells, low osmolarity of solute in the solution, water moves into the cell
what is a hypertonic solution
cells shrink, water moves out of the cell, high osmolarity of solute in the solution
describe primary active transport
3 NA+ bind to pump, releases reaction and spits out NA+ to the opposite side, K+ then goes into the pump and goes where the NA+ came from to balcnce out the molecules
describe secondary transport
1 molecule will move down the conc. gradient as sacrifice for the energy source then other molecules hitch a free ride to the other side of the membrane
?? transport is for when molecules are too big to transport across a membrane
vesicle
what are the 3 types of gated channels
chemical, voltage and mechanically
what is the difference between chemically gateed and voltage
chemical needs a neurotransmitter to bind to the receptor to activate vs voltage which opens when membrane potential changes (too much +ve)
what are the 2 types of changes that change the membrane potential
Graded(short distance) and action(long distance)
what are the 2 types of refractory periods
absolute and relative
what are teh 4 stages of action potentioa
