General Grammar Points

Question 1

How is the comparative formed?

Answer 1

Add -ior or - ius to the end of the adjective, and then group 3 noun endings to show the case. Generally, quam is added (‘than), but if the second noun is in the ablative, the quam may be missed out.

Question 2

How are superlatives formed?

Answer 2

Add issimus -a -um, etc, to the adjective. Sometimes the ss may be rr or ll.

Question 3

How are adverbs made from adjectives?

Answer 3

Add e or ter. For exmaple, ‘pulchre’ = beautifully; ‘fortiter’ = bravely

Question 4

How are comparative adverbs formed?

Answer 4

Add ‘ius’ to the neuter form of the adjective. For example, ‘fortius’ = more bravely

Question 5

How are superlative adverbs formed?

Answer 5

Change the superlative adjective ending from ‘issimus’ to ‘issime’. For example, ‘celerrime’ = very quickly

Question 6

What are deponent verbs?

Answer 6

Verbs that have passive endings but are translated actively. Their first principal part ends with -or

Question 7

How do you recognise the present participle?

Answer 7

The verb will have either -ns at the end or -nt in the middle.

Question 8

How do you recognise the perfect passive participle?

Answer 8

The verb will have noun endings - eg. portatus -a -um

Question 9

How do you recognise the future participle?

Answer 9

The verb will have -ur before the noun ending - eg. poraturus -a -um

Question 10

How do you recognise the perfect active participle?

Answer 10

In the same way as the ppp, but only deponent verbs have paps.

Question 11

How do you recognise and translate the ablative absolute?

Answer 11

There will be a noun in the ablative and a participle in the ablative. Translated as:

1) With the PPP = When/After the [noun] had been -ed, …
2) With the PAP = When/After the [noun] had -ed,…
3) With the present = With the [noun] -ing
4) With the future = When the [noun] is about to be….

Question 12

How do you recognise imperatives?

Answer 12

In the singular, they will end with a single vowel and generally have an exclamation mark after them - eg. porta!; trahe!; audi!. In the plural, they will have the vowel + te at the end - eg. portate!; trahete!; audite!

Question 13

How do you recognise negative imperatives?

Answer 13

They will have ‘noli’ in the singular and ‘nolite’ in the plural, followed by an infinitive.