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ENT - C.U > General facts > Flashcards

General facts Flashcards

1
Q

Two causes of deafness

A

Conductive and sensorineural

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2
Q

5 causes of conductive deafness

A 
wax 
acute otitis media 
otitis media externa 
otosclerosis 
perforated ear drum
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3
Q

4 causes of sensorineural deafness

A

presbycusis
noise induced
congenital
vestibular schwannoma

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4
Q

Presbycusis =

A

deterioration in hearing as patients age

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5
Q

main cause of presbycusis

A

loss of sensitivity of delicate hair cells in the cochlea

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6
Q

otosclerosis =

A

abnormal bone formed around stapes foot plate

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7
Q

otosclerosis causes what type of deafness

A

conductive

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8
Q

treatment of otosclerosis

A

stapedectomy

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9
Q

how far away must you stand to perform the whisper test

A

1m

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10
Q

What does Rinne’s test check?

A

Checks air compared to bone conduction

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11
Q

AC>BC =

A

middle and outer ear functioning normally

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12
Q

BC > AC

A

conductive deafness

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13
Q

In webers test the noise lateralised towards ….

A

the ear with conductive hearing loss

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14
Q

In webers test the noise lateralises away …..

A

from the ear with sensorineural deafness

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15
Q

In a dead ear the result is …. .

A

false -ve

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16
Q

Tympanometry tests

A

the compliance of middle ear structures

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17
Q

why might bone anchored hearing aids be used? (2)

A

chronic infection or shape of the ear canal

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18
Q

Croup =

A

acute laryngotracheobronchitis

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19
Q

main treatment of croup =

A

dexamethasone single dose
Nebulised ventolin
Paracetamol

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20
Q

Usual cause of acute epiglottitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae (B)

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21
Q

What musn’t you do in children with acute epiglottitis?

A

persist in examining the child’s throat

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22
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis

A

Admit and give IV amoxycillin

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23
Q

Quinsy =

A

peritonsillar abscess

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24
Q

Quinsy presentation (4)

A

Acute tonsilitis
+ spike temp
+ severe dysphagia
+ referred otalgia

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25
Q

What is found on examination w/ quinsy?

A

Trismus
Buccal mucosa is furred
Foetor (strong foul breath)

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26
Q

Treatment of a quinsy

A

IV AB and drainage of the abscess

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27
Q

Drugs causing ototoxicity (4)

A

Aminoglycosides e.g. streptomycin
Cisplatin (chemo)
Furosemide
Quinine

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28
Q

5 key questions in a nose history

A 
Nasal obstruction 
Ant. rhinorrhea 
Hyposmia 
Epistaxis 
Facial pain
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29
Q

5 key questions in an ear history

A 
Otalgia 
Otorrhea 
Hearing loss 
Tinnitus 
Dizziness
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30
Q

5 key questions in a throat history

A 
Dysphagia 
Sore throat 
Odynophagia 
Dysphonia 
Regurgitation
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31
Q

Pathogenesis of rhinits

A

Type 1 allergic reaction - release of inflammatory mediators

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32
Q

Test in rhinitis

A

Radioallergosorbent test - detects allergis

33
Q

Treatment of rhinitis

A

Antihistamine and nasal steroid spray (takes 6m to take effect)

34
Q

Feature of long standing rhinitis

A

nasal polyps

35
Q

Treatment if non resolving small nasal polyps in rhinitis

A

Prednisolone

36
Q

Treatment if nasal polyps are large

A

Nasal polypectomy

37
Q

synechiae =

A

adhesions in the nasal cavity

38
Q

epiphora =

A

damage to nasal lacrimal duct

39
Q

Specific important risk factor questions for neck lump (5)

A 
smoking + alcohol 
Recent foreign travel 
HIV status 
Dental problems
TB contact
40
Q

red flags for neck lump (6)

A 
dysphagia 
hoarseness 
odynophagia 
weight loss 
fevers 
night sweats
41
Q

Neck lump investigation

A

USS neck
CT neck and chest
FNAC

42
Q

Ototrrhoea =

A

ear discahrge

43
Q

otitis externa =

A

diffuse inflammation of the skin lining the outer ear canal

44
Q

risk factors for OE (4)

A

narrow external canal
trauma
eczema / psoriasis
swimming

45
Q

common organisms for OE (4)

A

staph pyogenes
staph aureus
candida albicans
e.coli

46
Q

4 symptoms for OE

A

irritation
dischrage
pain (tismus)
mild deafness

47
Q

examinations signs for OE (3)

A

meatal tenderness
moist debris
smelly + keratotic
red desquamated skin

48
Q

What can OE lead to if not managed

A

OM with discharging perforation

49
Q

What can OE lead to in the immunosuppressed

A

osteomyelitis of skull base

50
Q

When to suspect osteomyelitis of skull base

A

Immunocompromised and OE symptoms not settled in two weeks

51
Q

Treatment of Osteomyelitis

A

Topical and IV AB for 6 weeks

52
Q

4 symptoms of a perforated ear drum

A

pain (transient)
conductive deafness
tinnitus
vertigo

53
Q

3 causes of perforated eardrum

A

trauma
iatrogenic (grommet surgery)
recurrent infections

54
Q

acute OM lasts for

A

1-5 days

55
Q

what does chronic OM imply

A

eardrum is perforated

failed to heal and ongoing infection

56
Q

cholesteatoma is an accumulation of?

A

squamous epithelium in the middle ear

57
Q

two symptoms of acute OM

A

earchache and conductive deafness

58
Q

2 causes of acute OM

A

Strep pneumonia

H. influenzae

59
Q

Treatment of OM

A

analgesics (usually self limiting)

60
Q

Two types of chronic otitis media

A

1) mucosal disease
2) bony
a) osteitis
b) cholesteatoma

61
Q

Treatment for chronic OM

A
  • topical ciprofloxacin
  • water precautions
  • regular aural toilet
62
Q

myringoplasty =

A

repaire of the tympanic membrane perforation

63
Q

where is the perforation usually in cholesteatoma

A

pars flaccida

64
Q

treatment of cholesteatoma

A

mastoidectomy

65
Q

key points in PMH for epistaxis

A

HTN
Chronic granulomatous disease
bleeding disorders
rhinitis

66
Q

littles area is where which 3 arteries join?

A

ant. ethmoid
sphenopalatine
greater palatine

67
Q

Key epistaxis Q. (5)

A 
frequency and duration 
which side 
down nose / back of throat 
what have they done? 
previous history / treatment
68
Q

what is used to cauterise in epistaxis

A

silver nitrate

69
Q

to avoid epistaxis recurrence (4)

A

for 2 weeks

  • avoid hot drinks
  • avoid hot baths / showers
  • avoid nose picking
  • avoid hot and spicy food
70
Q

CENTOR CRITERIA

A 
The criteria are:
Tonsillar exudate
Tender anterior lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis
History of fever
Absence of cough
71
Q

In which part of the neck does a pharyngeal pouch present?

A

posteriomedial

72
Q

In which part of the neck does a cyctic hygroma present?

A

posterior

73
Q

In which part of the neck does a thyroglossal cyst present?

A

midline anterior

74
Q

In which part of the neck does a carotid body tumour present?

A

anterior

75
Q

In which part of the neck does a branchial cyst present?

A

anterolateral

76
Q

most common cause of a swelling in the neck

A

reactive lymphadenopathy

77
Q

lymphoma systemic symptoms

A

night sweats and splenomegaly

78
Q

pharyngeal pouch presentation

A

posteromedial outpouch, gurgles on palpation

dysphagia
regurg
aspiration
chronic cough

ENT - C.U (2 decks)

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