General Culture terms Flashcards
Culturally responsive care
care that is centered on the client’s cultural point of view and integrates the client’s values and beliefs in to the plan of care
Culture
the thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups
Subculture
composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are related to a larger cultural group.
Multiculture
used to describe a person who has multiple patterns of ID or crosses several cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values.
Heritage
things passed down from previous generations
Diversity
the fact or state of being different. Ex: sex, age, culture, ethnicity
Race
racial categories should not be interpreted as being primarily biological; it can be social and cultural as well
Ethnicity
Identity with or membership in a particular racial, national,or cultural group and observance of that group’s customs, beliefs, and language
Nationality
the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership which may be through birth, inheritance, or naturalization
Religion
beliefs, practices, and ethical values about divine or superhuman power worshiped as the creator of the universe
Ethnocentrism
the belief in the superiority of one’s own culture and lifestyle
Prejudice
a preconceived notion or judgement that is not based on sufficient knowledge: favorable or unfavorable
Racism
assumptions held about racial groups
Discrimination
the negative treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other group members
Generalizations
statements about common cultural patterns, may nobe true ad the individual level
Stereotyping
making the assumption that an individual reflects all characteristics associated with being a member of a group
Health Disparities
the differences in care experienced by one population compared with another
Social determinants of health
ex: gender, socioeconomic status, employment status, education, food, housing, transportation, racism, and health system access quality
Behavioral determinants of health
patterns of overweight and obesity; exercise normas and use of illicit drugs, tobacco, or alcohol
Environmental determinants of health
lead exposure, asthma triggers, workplace safety, unsafe or polluted living conditions
Biological and genetic determinants of health
family Hx of heart disease and inherited conditions such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis
health equity
the highest possible standard of health for all people, especially those at greatest risk for poor health
Acculturation
involuntary; process of adapting to and being absorbed into the dominant social culture
Assimilation
the process by which an individual develops a new cultural Identity
Determinants of health
Social factors
Physical factors
Social factors that determine health
Access to education, economic opportunities
Availability and access to health care
Community-based resources, daily living resources (grocery, police), social supports
Public safety, crime rates
Societal norms, supports, attitudes, social conditions
Physical factors that determine health
Natural environment & including weather/temps
Built environment- buildings, sidewalks, roads
Quality and safety of housing, schools, worksites, transportation
Exposure to physical hazards, pollution, toxic substances
Transcultural nursing
focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values, and patterns of cultures
Cultural competence
the ongoing process in which the health care professional continuously strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the patient
Population health drivers
10% physical environment
10% genes & biology
10% clinical care
30% health behaviors
40% social & economic factors
Health Care Disparities
Differences in prevalence of health insurance; access to health care; quality of health care
Traditional
those customs, beliefs, or practices that have existed for many generations without changing
U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services:Healthy People Goals:
Healthy People 2030’s overarching goals are to: Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
Equality
sameness: promotes fairness and justice by giving everyone the same thing; only works if everyone starts at the same place
Equity
Fairness: making sure people get access to the same opportunities; first ensure equity before enjoying equality
National Prevention Strategy for Eliminating Health Disparities
Ensure a focus on communities at greatest risk.
Reduce disparities in access to quality health care.
Increase capacity of the health care workforce to identify and address disparities.
Support research to identify effective strategies to eliminate health disparities and develop patient-centered interventions and outcomes
Standardize and collect data to better identify and address disparities.
Xenophobia
a morbid fear of strangers
Xenophobe
a person unduly fearful or contemptuous of strangers or foreigners, especially as reflected in his or her political or cultural views
General examples of the influences religion have on health practices:
- Meditating
- Being vaccinated
- Being willing to have the body examined
- Maintaining family viability
- Hoping for recovery
- Coping with stress
- Caring for children.
Socialization
process of being raised within an culture and acquiring the characteristics of that group
Decade of birth
People’s life experiences vary greatly, depending on the events of the decades in which they were born and the
cultural values and norms of the times. People who tend to be heritage
consistent—that is, have a high level of identification and association
with a traditional heritage—tend to be less caught up in the secular
fads of the time and popular sociocultural events.
Generation of birth
Worldviews differ greatly between the
immigrant generation and subsequent generations, and people who
score high as heritage consistent and mainstream people who may score
low on the heritage consistency assessment and have been born into
families who have resided in the United States for multiple generations.
Class
Social class is an important factor. The analysis of one’s education, economics, and background is an important observation of
people. There are countless differences among people predicated on
class.
Language
There are frequent misunderstandings, as discussed in Chapter 1, when people who do not understand English must help
and care for or take direction from English speakers. There are also
countless conflicts when people who are hard of hearing attempt to
understand people with limited English-speaking skills, and many
cultural and social misunderstandings can develop
Time Orientation
The viewing of time in the present, past, or future varies among cultural groups.
Certain cultures in the United States and Canada tend to be future-oriented.
People who are future-oriented are concerned with long-range goals and with
healthcare measures in the present to prevent the occurrence of illness in the
future. Others are oriented more to the present than the future and may be
late for appointments because they are less concerned about planning to be on
time. This difference in time orientation may become necessary in healthcare
measures such as long-term planning and explanations of medication schedules.
Space
Personal space refers to people’s behaviors and attitudes toward the space around
themselves. Territoriality is the behavior and attitude people exhibit about an
area they have claimed and defend or react emotionally to when others encroach
on it. Both personal space and territoriality are influenced by culture, and thus
different ethnocultural groups have varying norms related to the use of space.
Communication
Communication differences present themselves in many ways, including language differences, verbal and nonverbal behaviors, and silence. Language differences are possibly the most important obstacle to providing multicultural health care because they affect all stages of the patient-caregiver relationship.
Social Organization
The social environment in which people grow up and live plays an essential role
in their cultural development and identification. Children learn their culture’s responses to life events from the family and its ethnoreligious group. This socialization
process is an inherent part of heritage—cultural, religious, and ethnic background.
Biological variations
The several ways in which people from one cultural group differ biologically (i.e.,
physically and genetically) from members of other cultural groups constitute their biological variations; for example, body build and structure, including specific bone
and structural differences between groups, such as the smaller stature of Asians and
skin color, including variations in tone, texture, healing abilities, and hair follicles.
Environmental control
Environmental control is the ability of members of a particular cultural group
to plan activities that control nature or direct environmental factors. Included
in this concept are the complex systems of traditional health and illness beliefs,
the practice of folk medicine, and the use of traditional healers.
Naturalization
process by which United States citizenship is conferred upon foreign citizens or nationals
after fulfilling the requirements established by Congress
Medicaid
Provides payments to health care
providers in full or in a co-pay for
eligible low-income families and
individuals, and for long-term care
to those eligible who are aged or
disabled
Income may be related to
health because…
increases access to health care
■ enables the person or family to live in a better neighborhood;
■ enables the person or family to afford better housing;
■ enables the person or family to reside in locations not abutting known
environmentally degraded locations (heavy industrial pollution or
known hazardous waste sites); and
■ increases the opportunity to engage in health-promoting behaviors.
