General Content Flashcards
What are the 5 stages of the Cambridge-Calgary model?
Initiating the session, gathering information, physical examination, explanation and planning, and closing the session.
What are the 2 roles of the Cambridge-Calgary model?
Provides structure
Builds relationship with patient
What test is used to establish smoking habbits?
Fagerstorm test
Name a slow-release NRT product
Patch
Name 3 immediate-release NRT products
Mouth Spray
Gum
Nasal spray
What strengths and time periods does NRT patches come in
7mg, 14mg, 21mg
16 or 24 hours
When should a 24 hour NRT patch be given over 16 hour?
If the patient experiences cravings first thing in the morning
When should a patient be given 16 hour NRT patch instead of 24 hour patch?
If experiencing sleeping disturbances from 24 hour patch
Give some complications of smoking
Cardiac complications
Lung cancer
COPD
Oral cancers
Stomach cancers and ulcers
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Skin aging
After how many years does a smoking quitter’s risk of lung cancer reduce by half?
10 years
After how many years does a smoking quitter’s risk of heart attack equal someone who never smoked?
15 years
What is the max dose of a NRT mouth spray
4 sprays per hour
What NRT product would be used to mimic hand to mouth action of smoking
Nicotine inhalator
What are the 6 stages of cycle of change for smoking cessation
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
What are the 5 main principles for motivational interviewing for smoking cessation
Express empathy
Develop discrepancy
Avoid argumentation
Roll with resistance
Support self efficacy
What are the 5 principles of a GPhC inspection?
Governance
Staffing
Premises
Services
Equipment and facilities
What is One Health
An approach that integrates the health of humans, animals and ecosystems to optimise health
Why is One Health important
Integrating different professionals from animals, humans and ecosystems is more effective as they are all linked to the transmission of disease
What is disease spillover?
Disease being spread from animals to humans
What is 2 main issues of One Health
AMR
Zoonotic spillover
What encourages zoonotic spillover
Land-use change
Wildlife trade
Intensified livestock production
Climate change
What are the 6 aims of One Health
Prevent outbreaks of zoonotic disease
Improve food safety and security
Reduce AMR
Improve human and animal health
Protect global health security
Protecting biodiversity and conservation
How is intensive farming linked to pandemics?
Found in countries with weaker regulations for practice (developing)
Export globally
Overcrowding, overuse of antibiotics, changes to animal diet promotes mutations, deforestation
How does climate change affect disease transmission
Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns alters the distributions of animals
What is PHEIC (public health emergencies of international concern)
The highest form of emergency initiated by WHO
What are the roles of PHEIC
Catalyse timely evidence-based action
Limit impacts of emerging disease
Prevent unwarranted travel and trade restrictions
What are the 4 criteria for PHEIC
Is the public health impact of the event serious
Is the event unusual or unexpected
Is there significant risk for international spread
Is there significant risk for international travel and trade restrictions
Where was the Mpox endemic?
Africa but also seen in Europe
What are the 2 forms of Mpox
Clade I: Central African
Clade II: West African
Does Mpox have a high or low mortality rate
Low
What makes someone at higher risk of Mpox mortality
Immunocompromised, eczema, pregnancy, children
What is Mpox caused by
monkeypox virus, an orthopoxvirus
How long does Mpox take to resolve
2-4 weeks, self-limiting
What has allowed for the reduction of Mpox cases
Availability of vaccine
Who is most affected by Mpox
31-40 year old men
sexually active amongst men
Describe the Mpox rash
Deep-seated
Well-circumscribed lesions
Central umbilication (donut shape)
What are the symptoms of Mpox?
Rash
Fever
Swollen lymph nodes
Muscle aches
Anogenital pain and bleeding
How is Mpox distinguished from chickenpox
Lab testing
How is Mpox transmitted
Enters through broken skin, respiratory tract or mucous membranes from infected animals or humans
Direct contact with Mpox lesions
Coughing and sneezing from an infected person
Potentially though clothing and linen
How is Mpox spread prevented
Hygiene measures (wash hands)
Avoid skin to skin contact (animals and humans)
Wash bedding and clothes
Avoid contact with infected animal
6 week quarantine period
What is the main treatment for Mpox
Pain management
No current treatment for viral infection
What is Tpoxx
Experimental antiviral drug available in the US for severe disease
Reduced viral load in the body
Give 2 Mpox vaccines
Jynneos
Imvanex
What is the dosing regimen for Mpox vaccines
2 doses
1st: SC
2nd: Intradermal
2 SC doses can be used
What are the 3 main psychological reasons for working in teams
Social contact hypothesis
Social perspective taking
Social signalling
What is social contact hypothesis
Working with other people regularly breaks down misconceptions and stereotypes
We see people as individuals as opposed to a title or a role
Improves social cohesion
What is social perspective taking
Shifting the way we think about one another and ourselves
Greater cooperation
Learn how to get along with people
Transferred from work life to personal lives
What is social signalling
The way people perceive us leads to us making adjustments to ourselves
What are the 3 fundamental factors that shape the type of team member a person is
Internal psychological traits
Professional education
Intra, inter and extra-professional socialisation
What are the Big Five of the Trait Theory
Openness
Conscientiousness
extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
What are the 3 methods use to make decisions
Reasoning from first principles
Application of rules
Pattern recognition
What is reasoning from first principles
Using the basic principles (logic) to solve an issue, e.g using chemical structure
Pros: Safe and accurate
Cons: Slow and time consuming
Pharmacists are taught to solve problems this way
What is application of rules for decision making
E.g applying first-line treatments to a patient
Commonly used as a working pharmacist
Pros: fast and still accurate
Cons: doesn’t work if the rule no longer applies to the situation
What is pattern recognition for decision making
Matching a current pattern to one that you have dealt with in the past
E.g treating a patient with a common illness
Instantaneously know the solution
Pros: fast, appears confident and mostly correct (90%)
Cons: too fast and overconfident, missing details
Commonly used by medical students
What is intra, inter and extra-professional socialisation
Intra-professional: learning rules of pharmacy
Inter-professional: what other HCPs think about pharmacy
Extra-professional: what society thinks about pharmacy
What are the 2 cognitive models for trust
Story-based
Problem-based
What is first-line therapy for gonorrhoea
Single IM injection of ceftriaxone, dose being 1g, recommended by BASHH
Treatment for gonorrhoea for penicillin allergic
Only anaphylaxis - gentamicin 240mg IM injection plus oral azithromycin 2g
What further investigations and follow ups are required for positive gonorrhoea
Inform sexual partners within last 3 months for testing and treatment
1 week follow up after injection (check for symptoms, test of cure, no sex within last 7 days)
