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PHAY0010 > General Content > Flashcards

General Content Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 stages of the Cambridge-Calgary model?

A

Initiating the session, gathering information, physical examination, explanation and planning, and closing the session.

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2
Q

What are the 2 roles of the Cambridge-Calgary model?

A

Provides structure
Builds relationship with patient

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3
Q

What test is used to establish smoking habbits?

A

Fagerstorm test

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4
Q

Name a slow-release NRT product

A

Patch

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5
Q

Name 3 immediate-release NRT products

A

Mouth Spray
Gum
Nasal spray

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6
Q

What strengths and time periods does NRT patches come in

A

7mg, 14mg, 21mg
16 or 24 hours

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7
Q

When should a 24 hour NRT patch be given over 16 hour?

A

If the patient experiences cravings first thing in the morning

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8
Q

When should a patient be given 16 hour NRT patch instead of 24 hour patch?

A

If experiencing sleeping disturbances from 24 hour patch

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9
Q

Give some complications of smoking

A

Cardiac complications
Lung cancer
COPD
Oral cancers
Stomach cancers and ulcers
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Skin aging

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10
Q

After how many years does a smoking quitter’s risk of lung cancer reduce by half?

A

10 years

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11
Q

After how many years does a smoking quitter’s risk of heart attack equal someone who never smoked?

A

15 years

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12
Q

What is the max dose of a NRT mouth spray

A

4 sprays per hour

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13
Q

What NRT product would be used to mimic hand to mouth action of smoking

A

Nicotine inhalator

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14
Q

What are the 6 stages of cycle of change for smoking cessation

A

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse

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15
Q

What are the 5 main principles for motivational interviewing for smoking cessation

A

Express empathy
Develop discrepancy
Avoid argumentation
Roll with resistance
Support self efficacy

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16
Q

What are the 5 principles of a GPhC inspection?

A

Governance
Staffing
Premises
Services
Equipment and facilities

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17
Q

What is One Health

A

An approach that integrates the health of humans, animals and ecosystems to optimise health

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18
Q

Why is One Health important

A

Integrating different professionals from animals, humans and ecosystems is more effective as they are all linked to the transmission of disease

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19
Q

What is disease spillover?

A

Disease being spread from animals to humans

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20
Q

What is 2 main issues of One Health

A

AMR
Zoonotic spillover

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21
Q

What encourages zoonotic spillover

A

Land-use change
Wildlife trade
Intensified livestock production
Climate change

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22
Q

What are the 6 aims of One Health

A

Prevent outbreaks of zoonotic disease
Improve food safety and security
Reduce AMR
Improve human and animal health
Protect global health security
Protecting biodiversity and conservation

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23
Q

How is intensive farming linked to pandemics?

A

Found in countries with weaker regulations for practice (developing)
Export globally
Overcrowding, overuse of antibiotics, changes to animal diet promotes mutations, deforestation

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24
Q

How does climate change affect disease transmission

A

Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns alters the distributions of animals

25
Q

What is PHEIC (public health emergencies of international concern)

A

The highest form of emergency initiated by WHO

26
Q

What are the roles of PHEIC

A

Catalyse timely evidence-based action
Limit impacts of emerging disease
Prevent unwarranted travel and trade restrictions

27
Q

What are the 4 criteria for PHEIC

A

Is the public health impact of the event serious
Is the event unusual or unexpected
Is there significant risk for international spread
Is there significant risk for international travel and trade restrictions

28
Q

Where was the Mpox endemic?

A

Africa but also seen in Europe

29
Q

What are the 2 forms of Mpox

A

Clade I: Central African
Clade II: West African

30
Q

Does Mpox have a high or low mortality rate

A

Low

31
Q

What makes someone at higher risk of Mpox mortality

A

Immunocompromised, eczema, pregnancy, children

32
Q

What is Mpox caused by

A

monkeypox virus, an orthopoxvirus

33
Q

How long does Mpox take to resolve

A

2-4 weeks, self-limiting

34
Q

What has allowed for the reduction of Mpox cases

A

Availability of vaccine

35
Q

Who is most affected by Mpox

A

31-40 year old men
sexually active amongst men

36
Q

Describe the Mpox rash

A

Deep-seated
Well-circumscribed lesions
Central umbilication (donut shape)

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Mpox?

A

Rash
Fever
Swollen lymph nodes
Muscle aches
Anogenital pain and bleeding

38
Q

How is Mpox distinguished from chickenpox

A

Lab testing

39
Q

How is Mpox transmitted

A

Enters through broken skin, respiratory tract or mucous membranes from infected animals or humans
Direct contact with Mpox lesions
Coughing and sneezing from an infected person
Potentially though clothing and linen

40
Q

How is Mpox spread prevented

A

Hygiene measures (wash hands)
Avoid skin to skin contact (animals and humans)
Wash bedding and clothes
Avoid contact with infected animal
6 week quarantine period

41
Q

What is the main treatment for Mpox

A

Pain management
No current treatment for viral infection

42
Q

What is Tpoxx

A

Experimental antiviral drug available in the US for severe disease
Reduced viral load in the body

43
Q

Give 2 Mpox vaccines

A

Jynneos
Imvanex

44
Q

What is the dosing regimen for Mpox vaccines

A

2 doses
1st: SC
2nd: Intradermal

2 SC doses can be used

45
Q

What are the 3 main psychological reasons for working in teams

A

Social contact hypothesis
Social perspective taking
Social signalling

46
Q

What is social contact hypothesis

A

Working with other people regularly breaks down misconceptions and stereotypes
We see people as individuals as opposed to a title or a role
Improves social cohesion

47
Q

What is social perspective taking

A

Shifting the way we think about one another and ourselves
Greater cooperation
Learn how to get along with people
Transferred from work life to personal lives

48
Q

What is social signalling

A

The way people perceive us leads to us making adjustments to ourselves

49
Q

What are the 3 fundamental factors that shape the type of team member a person is

A

Internal psychological traits
Professional education
Intra, inter and extra-professional socialisation

50
Q

What are the Big Five of the Trait Theory

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

51
Q

What are the 3 methods use to make decisions

A

Reasoning from first principles
Application of rules
Pattern recognition

52
Q

What is reasoning from first principles

A

Using the basic principles (logic) to solve an issue, e.g using chemical structure
Pros: Safe and accurate
Cons: Slow and time consuming
Pharmacists are taught to solve problems this way

53
Q

What is application of rules for decision making

A

E.g applying first-line treatments to a patient
Commonly used as a working pharmacist
Pros: fast and still accurate
Cons: doesn’t work if the rule no longer applies to the situation

54
Q

What is pattern recognition for decision making

A

Matching a current pattern to one that you have dealt with in the past
E.g treating a patient with a common illness
Instantaneously know the solution
Pros: fast, appears confident and mostly correct (90%)
Cons: too fast and overconfident, missing details
Commonly used by medical students

55
Q

What is intra, inter and extra-professional socialisation

A

Intra-professional: learning rules of pharmacy
Inter-professional: what other HCPs think about pharmacy
Extra-professional: what society thinks about pharmacy

56
Q

What are the 2 cognitive models for trust

A

Story-based
Problem-based

57
Q

What is first-line therapy for gonorrhoea

A

Single IM injection of ceftriaxone, dose being 1g, recommended by BASHH

58
Q

Treatment for gonorrhoea for penicillin allergic

A

Only anaphylaxis - gentamicin 240mg IM injection plus oral azithromycin 2g

59
Q

What further investigations and follow ups are required for positive gonorrhoea

A

Inform sexual partners within last 3 months for testing and treatment
1 week follow up after injection (check for symptoms, test of cure, no sex within last 7 days)

PHAY0010 (2 decks)

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