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California Construction License > General Construction > Flashcards

General Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Acre

A

A plot of land comprising 43,560 sq ft

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2
Q

Adhesive

A

A natural or synthetic material, generally in paste or liquid form, used to fasten or glue boards together, lay floor tile, fabricate plastic laminates, etc.

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3
Q

Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)

A

A mortgage loan in which the interest rate changes throughout the life of a loan as an index changes with the market.

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4
Q

Aggregate

A

A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete

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5
Q

Air-dried Lumber

A

Lumber that has been piled in yards or sheds for a length of time. The minimum moisture content of thoroughly air-dried lumber is usually 12-15%

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6
Q

Air Space

A

The area between insulation facing and interior of exterior wall coverings. Normally a 1” air gap

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7
Q

Alcove

A

A recess opening off a wall of a larger room. Often used as a sitting area, coatroom, or a storage area

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8
Q

Allowance

A

A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for items, which have not been selected and specified in the construction contract.

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9
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A

Gives civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities similar to those, provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age and religion. It guarantees equal opportunity for individual with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportations, state and local government services and telecommunications

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10
Q

Amortize

A

The method of paying down the principal of a loan over a period of time. In a traditional 30 year loan the amount of the loan is repaid with payments that also include interest over 30 years.

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11
Q

Ampere (Amps)

A

The rate of flow of electrical charge. Current = voltage/resistanceA

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12
Q

Anchor

A

Any fastener (usually metal) used to attach parts, such as joists, trusses, posts, etc., to masonry or masonry materials.

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13
Q

Anchor Bolt

A

A threaded rod inserted in masonry construction to anchor the sill plate to the foundation

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14
Q

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)

A

Annual cost of credit over the life of a loan, including interest, service charges, points, loan fees, mortgage insurance, and other items

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15
Q

Appraisal

A

An expert valuation of property

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16
Q

Apron

A

Trim used under the stool on interior windows

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17
Q

Arcade

A

A series of arches supported by columns or piers to provide an open passageway

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18
Q

Arch

A

A curved structure that will support itself and the weight above its curved opening by mutual pressure

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19
Q

Architect

A

One who has completed a course of study in building and design, and is licensed by the state as an architect. One who draws up plans and sometimes supervises the construction of homes

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20
Q

Areaway

A

Recessed area below grade around the foundation to allow light and ventilation into basement window

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21
Q

Aromatic Red Cedar

A

Similar characteristics to Western Red Cedar. Primarily used in construction for chests and closet linings for its mothproof value.

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22
Q

Arris

A

A sharp edge formed when two planes or surfaces meet. Found on edges of moldings, doors, shelves, and in cabinet construction

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23
Q

Ash Pit

A

The area below the hearth of a fireplace, which collects the ashes

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24
Q

Asphalt Shingles

A

Composition roof shingles made from asphalt impregnated felt covered with mineral granules

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25
Q

Assessment

A

A tax levied on a property, or a value placed on the worth of a property

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26
Q

Assessor

A

A public official responsible for the evaluation of property for the purposes of taxation

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27
Q

Assignee

A

A person to whom a transfer of interest is made in connection with a mortgage or contract for a home or piece of property

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28
Q

Assignor

A

A person who makes an assignment for a mortgage or contract for a home or piece of property

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29
Q

ASTM

A

American Society for Testing Materials

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30
Q

Atrium

A

A central hall or open court within a structure

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31
Q

Attachment

A

The legal seizure of property to require payment of a debt

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32
Q

Attic

A

The space between the roof and the ceiling

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33
Q

Attic Access

A

An opening that is placed in the dry walled ceiling of a home providing access to the attic

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34
Q

Attic Ventilator

A

In houses, screened openings provided to ventilate an attic space. They are located in the soffit area as inlet ventilators and in the gable end or along the ridge as outlet ventilators. They can also consist of power-driven fans used as an exhaust system.

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35
Q

Awning Window

A

An out swinging window hinged at the top

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36
Q

Back Charge

A

Billings for work performed or costs incurred by one party that, in accordance with the agreement, should have been performed or incurred by the party to whom billed. Owners bill back charges to general contractors, and general contractors bill back charges to subcontractors.

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37
Q

Backfill

A

The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around and against a basement foundation

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38
Q

Baffles

A

Device to help achieve a ventilation space between insulation and roof sheathing. It helps assure airflow from the eave vents in attics and cathedral ceilings.

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39
Q

Balcony

A

A deck projecting from the wall of a building above ground level

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40
Q

Balloon Framing

A

A system of framing a building in which all vertical structural elements of the bearing walls and partitions consist of single pieces extending from the top of the foundation sill plate to the roof plate and to which all floor joists are fastened

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41
Q

Balloon Loan

A

A loan that comes due and must be paid off or refinanced because the final payment is much higher than the monthly payments

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42
Q

Balusters

A

Usually small vertical members in a railing used between a top rail and the stair treads or a bottom rail

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43
Q

Balustrade

A

A series of balusters connected by a rail; generally used for porches and balconies

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44
Q

Band Joist

A

Vertical member that forms the perimeter of a floor system in which the floor joists tie in. Also know as the rim joist

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45
Q

Banister

A

A handrail with supporting posts used alongside a stairway

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46
Q

Barrel Vault

A

A vaulted ceiling of semi-circular shape, creating a dome-like appearance.

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47
Q

Base Shoe

A

A molding used next to the floor in interior baseboards

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48
Q

Basement Foundation

A

A basement is a usable foundation that typically has ceiling heights of 8’ and is often finished off as a living or storage space

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49
Q

Batt

A

A roll or sheet of insulation designed to be installed between members of frame construction

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50
Q
A
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51
Q

Batten

A

Narrow strips of wood used to cover joints or as decorative vertical members over plywood or wide boards

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52
Q

Batter Board

A

One of a pair of horizontal boards nailed to posts set as the corners of an excavation, used to indicate the desired level, also as a fastening for stretched strings to indicate outlines of foundation walls

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53
Q

Bay Window

A

Any window space projecting outward from the walls of a building, either square or polygonal in plan

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54
Q

Beam Ceiling

A

A ceiling in which the ceiling beams are exposed to view

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55
Q

Bearing Paritition

A

A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight

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56
Q
A
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57
Q

Beech

A

A whitish to reddish brown hardwood used especially in construction for interior and exterior cabinet parts. Blends well with birch for stained kitchen cabinets and vanities

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58
Q

Bench Mark

A

A mark on some permanent object fixed to the ground from which land measurements and elevations are ataken

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59
Q

Birch

A

Hard and heavy light reddish brown hardwood. The most widely used hardwood veneer for flush doors, cabinetwork, and paneling. Mill products include interior trim, flooring, sash and trim

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60
Q

Blind Nailing

A

A method of nailing so that the nail is not visible

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61
Q

Board Foot

A

A method of lumber measurements using nominal dimensions of 1” thick, 12” wide, and 12” long or the equivalent

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62
Q

Bonus Room

A

A room with no specifically designated function, unlike a living room, bedroom or kitchen. Is not included in the initial square footage

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63
Q

Bottom Plate

A

The lowest horizontal member of a wall, which rests on the rough floor to which the studding is nailed

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64
Q

Brick

A

A solid masonry unit composed of clay or shale. Formed into a rectangular prism while soft and burned or fired in a kiln

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65
Q

Brick Veneer

A

A facing of brick laid against and fastened to sheathing of a frame wall or tile wall construction

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66
Q

Bridging

A

Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position between the floor joists at mid span to act both as tension and compression members for the purpose of bracing the joists and spreading the action of loads

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67
Q

BTU (British Thermal Unit)

A

The amount of heat required to raise on pound of water one degree F

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68
Q

Building Code

A

A comprehensive set of laws that controls the construction or remodeling of a home or other structure

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69
Q

Built Up Roof

A

A roofing composed of 3-5 layers of asphalt felt laminated with coal tar, pitch or asphalt. The top is finished with crushed slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or low-pitched roofs.

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70
Q

Bundle

A

A package of shingles. Normally there are 3 bundles per square and 27 shingles per bundle

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71
Q

Bureau of Land Management

A

The branch of government in charge of surveying public lands

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72
Q

Cantilever

A

A projecting structure supported on one end, such as a balcony

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73
Q

Central Air Conditioning

A

A system which uses ducts to distribute cooling and/or dehumidified air to more than one room or uses pipes to distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than one room and which is not plugged into an electrical convenience outlet

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74
Q

Carport

A

A garage not fully enclosed

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75
Q

Casement Window

A

A hinged window, usually metal, that opens out

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76
Q

Casing

A

Molding of various widths and thickness used to trim door and window openings at the jambs

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77
Q

Caulking

A

A waterproof material used to seal cracks

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78
Q

Central Heating

A

A system by which the heat from a single source is distributed with ducts

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79
Q

Chain

A

A unit of land measurement 66’ in length

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80
Q

Chamfer

A

A beveled edge on a board formed by removing the sharp corner. Generally used on moldings, edges of drawer fronts and cabinet doors

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81
Q

Chase

A

A slot or continuous groove built in a masonry or frame wall to accommodate ducts, pipes or conduits

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82
Q

Chimney

A

A vertical flue for passing smoke from a heating unit, fireplace or incinerator

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83
Q

Chipped Grain

A

Wood surface that has been roughened by the action of cutting tools. Considered a defect when surfaces are to be smoothly finished

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84
Q

Chord

A

The horizontal member of a truss connecting the lower corners

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85
Q

Circuit

A

Two or more wires through which electrical power flows from the distribution panel to one or more outlets or fixtures, then back

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86
Q

Circuit Breaker

A

A safety device that breaks the flow of electrical current whenever a circuit becomes overloaded

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87
Q

Clear Title

A

A title to property that is free of any defect

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88
Q

Cleat

A

A piece of wood, normally used in frame construction, fastened to another member to serve as a brace or support

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89
Q

Clerestory

A

An outside wall of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and contains windows

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90
Q

Coffered Ceiling

A

A ceiling with recessed square panels, bordered with trim for ornamental purposes

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91
Q

Collar Beam

A

Nominal 1 or 2 in thick members connecting opposite roof rafters. They serve to stiffen the roof structure

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92
Q

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

A

Using the computer to perform drafting and design functions

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93
Q

Concrete

A

A mixture of cement, sand and gravel with water

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94
Q

Concrete Block

A

A hollow concrete brick often 8”x8”x16” in size. Often used in low rise commercial and some residential construction

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95
Q

Concrete Form

A

A temporary structure built to contain concrete during pouring and initial hardening

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96
Q

Conditions and Restrictions

A

The term used to designate any conditions to which the use of land may not be put and the penalties for failure to comply

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97
Q

Conduction

A

The flow of heat through an object by transferring heat from one molecule to another

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98
Q

Conduit

A

Piping made out of plastic or metal used to protect electrical wire

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99
Q

Construction Loan

A

A short-term loan taken for the expressed purpose of building. Installment payments are made and when the building is complete, the loan is usually replaced by a longer-term mortgage

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100
Q

Contract

A

An agreement between a seller and purchaser. The title is withheld from the purchaser until all required payments to the seller have been completed

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101
Q

Convection

A

Refers to the transfer of heat by moving fluid (liquids and gases)

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102
Q

Coping

A

A cap or top course of a masonry wall to protect lower areas from water penetration

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103
Q

Corbel

A

A ledge or shelf constructed by laying successive courses of masonry out from the face of the wall

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104
Q

Core

A

The inner layer or layers of plywood. The core may consist of veneer, solid lumber or composition board

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105
Q

Corner Bead

A

A lightweight strip of metal, angled to reinforce corners in drywall

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106
Q

Corner Braces

A

Diagonal braces at the corners of frame structure to stiffen and strengthen the wall

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107
Q

Cornice

A

The part of a roof that projects out from the wall

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108
Q

Cornice Return

A

That portion of the cornice that returns on the gable end of a house

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109
Q

Counter Flashing

A

A flashing used under the regular flashing

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110
Q

Cove

A

Molded trim of a concave shape used around cabinet construction and other built-ins

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111
Q

Crawl Space

A

The shallow space below the floor of a house built above the ground. Generally it is surrounded with the foundation wall.

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112
Q

Crawlspace Vent

A

An opening to allow the passage of air through the unexcavated area under a first floor. Ideally there should be at least two vents per crawlspace

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113
Q

Cricket

A

A device used at roof intersections to divert water

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114
Q

Cripple

A

A structural member that is cut less than full length, such as a studding piece above a window or door

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115
Q

Cross Bracing

A

Boards nailed diagonally across studs or other boards to make framework rigid

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116
Q

Crown Molding

A

A decorative molding used at the top of cabinets, at ceiling corners and under a roof overhang

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117
Q

Cul-de-Sac

A

A street or court with no outlet, which provides a circular turn around for vehicles

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118
Q

Cull

A

Building material (especially boards) that is rejected because of defects or below usable grade

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119
Q

Cupola

A

A small, decorative structure built on the roof of a house. It is often placed over an attached garage and may also be used for ventilating purposes

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120
Q

Current

A

Term used to describe electrical flow

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121
Q

Curtain Wall

A

An exterior or interior wall, which provides no structural support

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122
Q

Dado Joint

A

A groove cut across the face of a board to receive the end of another board. Often used in quality shelf and cabinet construction

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123
Q

Damper

A

A movable plate, which regulates the draft of a stove, fireplace, or furnace.

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124
Q

Dead Load

A

All the unmovable weight in a structure and the weight of the structure itself

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125
Q

Deed

A

Actually, any one of many conveyancing or financing instruments, but generally a conveyancing instrument, given to pass fee title to property upon sale

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126
Q

Dentil

A

One of a series of small projecting rectangular blocks forming a molding under an overhang, most common in colonial-style homes

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127
Q

Dimension Lumber

A

Framing lumber, which is 2 in thick and from 4-12” wide

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128
Q

Dome

A

A roof used over an entryway or a complete structure in the form of a hemisphere

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129
Q

Dome Structures

A

Structures incorporating design elements of the geodesic dome or triangular space frames

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130
Q

Door

A

A sliding or hinged structure, covering an opening to a cupboard, closet, room, building, etc. May be used as an entrance or exit. Usually constructed of wood, glass, or metal depending on its service

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131
Q

Doorjamb

A

Two vertical pieces held together by a head jamb forming the inside lining of a door opening

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132
Q

Doorstop

A

The strips on the doorjambs against which the door closes

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133
Q

Dormer

A

An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings

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134
Q

Double Glazing

A

Making a pane of two pieces of glass with air space between and sealed to provide insulation

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135
Q

Double Header

A

Two or more timbers or lumber joined for strength

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136
Q

Double Hung

A

Refers to a window having top and bottom sashes, each capable of movement up and down

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137
Q

Douglas Fir

A

A yellow to pale reddish soft wood. The leading veneer wood primarily converted into plywood and widely used in building and construction. Lumber used in general construction. Mill products used for sash, flooring, and doors

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138
Q

Downspout

A

A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater from roof gutters

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139
Q

Dressed Size

A

The actual size of lumber after jointing and surfacing

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140
Q

Drip Cap

A

A molding placed on the exterior topside of a door or window frame to cause water to drip beyond the outside of a frame

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141
Q

Dry Wall

A

Interior covering material, such as gypsum board or plywood, which is applied in large sheets or panels

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142
Q

Dry Well

A

A pit located on porous ground, walled up with rock, which allows water to seep through; used for the disposal of rainwater or as the effluent from a septic tank

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143
Q

Ducts

A

In a house, usually round or rectangular metal pipes for distributing warm air from the heating plant to rooms, or air from a conditioning device or as cold air returns. Ducts are also made of composition materials

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144
Q

Duplex Outlet

A

Electrical wall outlet having two plug receptacle

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145
Q

Dwarf Wall

A

A low wall built to retain an excavation or embankment

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146
Q

Earnest Money

A

A partial payment made as part of the purchase price to bind a contract for property

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147
Q

Earth Sheltered Dwelling

A

A structure, which uses soil to reduce heat loss (or gain)

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148
Q

Easement

A

An area of a piece of property given rights to another for the purpose of placing power lines, drains, and other specified uses.

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149
Q

Eastern Fir

A

A softwood similar to spruce in its general characteristics. Used for siding, moldings, and general construction

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150
Q

Eave Vent

A

Vent opening located in the soffit under the eaves of a house to allow the passage of air through the attic and out the roof vents

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151
Q

Eaves

A

The lower portion of the roof that overhangs the wall

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152
Q

Egress

A

A means of exiting the home. An egress window is required in every bedroom and basement

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153
Q

Electrical Service Panel

A

Refers to the high-voltage electrical system’s first point of entry into a home beyond the meter

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154
Q

Elevations

A

The exterior view of a home design that shows the position of the house relative to the grade of the land

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155
Q

Ell

A

An extension or wing of a building at right angles to the main section

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156
Q

Energy Efficient

A

Method of construction or building practice by which less energy is used or consumed to produce the same level of energy service.
Materials, appliances, or other items designed to reduce consumption of energy while providing a specific energy output

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157
Q

Equity

A

The market value less any loans against a property

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158
Q

Escrow

A

An agreement in which the parties deposit money and/or legal documents with a third party who handles the transaction

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159
Q

Escutcheon

A

Door hardware, which accomidates the knob and keyhole

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160
Q

Excavation

A

A cavity or pit produced by digging the earth in preparation for construction

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161
Q

Expansion Joint

A

A bituminous fiber strip used to separate blocks or units of concrete to prevent cracking due to expansion as a result of temperature changes

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162
Q

Expansive Clay

A

A type of soil, which swells when wet and produces very high pressure against underground walls

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163
Q

Facade

A

The front elevation or face of a structure

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164
Q

Face Brick

A

Brick of better quality used on the face of a wall

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165
Q

Face Size

A

The exposed width of a modeled piece of lumber after installation

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166
Q

Face Veneer

A

Veneer selected for exposed surfaces in plywood. Especially selected for fancy paneling

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167
Q

Faced Insulation

A

Insulation with an attached vapor retarder (kraft paper or foil backed paper)

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168
Q

Facing

A

Any material attached to the outer portion of a wall used as a finished surface

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169
Q

Fascia

A

A horizontal board nailed onto the ends of the rafters

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170
Q

Fiberboard

A

A building board made with fibrous material and used as an insulating board

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171
Q

Fiber Glass Insulation

A

An energy efficient glass fiber product manufactured by Owens Corning to ensure the best thermal and noise control performance available

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172
Q

Fill

A

Sand, gravel, or loose earth used to bring a sub-grade up to a desired level around a house

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173
Q

Filled Insulation

A

A loose insulating material poured from bags or blown by machine into walls

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174
Q

Fire Cut

A

The angular cut at the end of a joist designed to rest on a brick wall

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175
Q

Fire Stop

A

A solid, tight closure of a concealed space, placed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through such a space. In a frame wall, this will usually consist of 2x4 cross blocking between studs

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176
Q

Fire Wall

A

Any wall designed to resist the spread of fire between sections of a house. Firewalls are commonly used between the main structure and an attached garage. Fire resistant materials are designed specifically for this purpose.

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177
Q

Firebrick

A

A brick that is especially hard and heat-resistant; used in fireplaces

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178
Q

Fireclay

A

A refractory mortar used to lay firebrick in the bed and walls of a fireplace

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179
Q

Flagstone

A

Flat stone used for floors, steps, walks or walls

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180
Q

Flashing

A

Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from water seepage

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181
Q

Flat Ceiling

A

A ceiling with no change in elevation

182
Q

Flue

A

The space or passage in a chimney through which smoke, gas or fumes ascend. Each passage is called a flue, which together with any others and the surrounding masonry make up the chimney

183
Q

Flue Lining

A

Fireclay or terra cotta pipe, round or square, usually made in all ordinary flue sizes and in 2 ft lengths. Used for the inner lining of chimneys with the brick or masonry work around the outside. Flue lining in chimneys runs from about a foot below the flue connection to the top of the chimney

184
Q

Fly Rafters

A

End rafters of the gable overhang supported by roof sheathing and lookouts

185
Q

Footing

A

A masonry section, usually concrete, in a rectangular form wider than the bottom of the foundation wall or pier it supports

186
Q

Forced Air Heating

A

A common form of heating with natural gas, propane, oil or electricity as a fuel. Air is heated in the furnace and distributed through a set of metal ducts to various areas of the house

187
Q

Foundation

A

The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade including the footings

188
Q

Framer

A

The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber and erects the frame, flooring system, interior walls, backing, trusses, rafters, decking, installs all beams, stairs, soffits, and all work related to the wood structure of the home. The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must comply with local building codes and regulations

189
Q

Framing

A

The studs, rafters, joists, sole plates, and roof plates that form the skeletal structure of a house

190
Q

Frieze

A

In house construction, a horizontal member connecting the top of the siding with the soffit of the cornice

191
Q

Frost Line

A

The depth of frost penetration in soil. This depth varies in different parts of the country. Footings should be placed below this depth to prevent movement

192
Q

Furring

A

The use of wood strips (or other materials) as a method of finishing the interior face of masonry wall. Furring provides a space for insulation, helps prevent moisture transmission, and provides a level surface for paneling or other surface finishing treatment

193
Q

Fuse

A

A device often found in older homes designed to prevent overloads in electrical lines

194
Q

Gable

A

The portion of the roof above the eave line of a double-sloped roof

195
Q

Gable Vent

A

A louver mounted in the top of the gable to allow the passage of air through the attic

196
Q

Gain

A

A recess or notch into which a door hinge fits flush with the surface.
Refers to the way heat is extracted from solar radiation

197
Q

Garrett

A

An attic or unfinished part of a house just under the roof

198
Q

Girder

A

A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length

199
Q

Glazing

A

Placing of glass in windows or doors

200
Q

Grade

A

The surface of the ground around a building

201
Q

Gravel Stop

A

A strip of metal with a vertical lip used to retain the gravel around the edge of a built-up roof

202
Q

Green Building

A

A method of constructing a home or another structure using energy efficient or recycled materials and energy efficient construction practices to reduce consumption of energy, water and other resources, protect occupant health, reduce waste, and reduce the building’s impact on the environment

203
Q

GFCI

A

A breaker or receptacle that detects excessive electrical current flow and stops electrical flow in the circuit. It is a required safety feature in many areas of the home where there is an increased risk of shock.

204
Q

Grounding

A

The connection of an electrical system to the earth. It is used to prevent damage and minimize the danger of electrical shock

205
Q

Grout

A

A plaster-like material used to seal between ceramic and other tile in kitchens, showers, and baths

206
Q

Gusset

A

A plywood or metal plate used to strengthen the joints of a truss

207
Q

Gutter

A

A channel along the fascia direct rainwater to a downspout

208
Q

Hanger

A

A metal strap used to support piping or the ends of joists

209
Q

Hardwood

A

Wood produced from broad-leaved trees or trees that lose their leaves.

210
Q

Header

A

A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed in framing for chimney, stairway, or other opening

211
Q

Hearth

A

The inner or outer floor of a fireplace, usually made of brick, tile or stone

212
Q

Heat Exchanger

A

A device for removing heat from water or air and transferring the heat to another medium

213
Q

Heat Pump

A

A device, which uses compression and decompression of gas to heat and/or cool a house

214
Q

Hickory

A

A hard and heavy brown to reddish brown hard wood. Used as face veneer for decorative interior plywood paneling and as solid lumber in special flooring applications.

215
Q

Hip Rafter

A

The diagonal rafter that extends from the plate to the ridge to form the hip

216
Q

Hip Roof

A

A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a building

217
Q

Hose Bib

A

A water faucet made for the threaded attachment of a hose

218
Q

Hot Wire

A

The electrical wires (typically black or red) used to carry current as distinguished from the neutral wires (usually white)

219
Q

House Drain

A

A horizontal sewer piping within a building, which receives waste from the soil stacks

220
Q

House Sewer

A

The watertight soil pipe extending from the exterior of the foundation wall to the public sewer

221
Q

Humidifier

A

A device, generally attached to a furnace, to supply or maintain humidity in a home

222
Q

Humidistat

A

A controlling device to regulate or maintain the desired degree of humidity in a house

223
Q

I-Beam

A

A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings, such as a double garage door, when wall and roof loads are imposed on the opening.

224
Q

Improvements

A

Any additions to property, which tends to increase its value, such as buildings, streets, sewers, etc.

225
Q

Incandescent Lamp

A

A lamp in which a filament gives off light when sufficiently heated by an electric current

226
Q

Insulated Concrete Form (ICF)

A

It is steel reinforced poured concrete that allows the form to stay in place and become a functional part of the house. The walls and floors will be concrete

227
Q

Insulating Board

A

Any board suitable for insulating purposes

228
Q

Insulation

A

Materials for obstructing the passage of sound, heat, or cold from one surface to another

229
Q

Interior Trim

A

General term for all the finish molding, casing, baseboard, and cornice applied within the building by finish carpenters

230
Q

Jack Rafter

A

A rafter that spans the distance from the wall plate to a hip or from a valley to a ridge

231
Q

Jalousie

A

A type of window consisting of a number of long, thin hinged panels

232
Q

Jamb

A

The side and head lining of a doorway, window or other opening

233
Q

Joist

A

A horizontal structural member, which supports the floor or ceiling system

234
Q

Junction Box

A

An electrical box used for wire splicing

235
Q

Keystone

A

The piece, usually wedge shaped, at the top on an arch

236
Q

Kick Plate

A

A metal, wood or plastic strip placed at the lower edge of a door or on a riser of a step to protect it from damage by accidental kicking

237
Q

Kiln-Dried-Lumber

A

Lumber that has been kiln-dried, generally to a moisture content of 6-12%

238
Q

King Post

A

The central upright piece in a roof truss

239
Q

Knee Wall

A

A low wall resulting from one and one-half story construction

240
Q

Lally Column

A

A steel column used as a support for girders and beams

241
Q

Laminated Beam

A

A beam made of superimposed layers of similar materials by uniting them with glue and pressure

242
Q

Landing

A

A platform between flights of stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs

243
Q

Lap Siding

A

Slightly wedge-shaped boards used as horizontal siding in a lapped pattern over the exterior sheathing. Varies in butt thickness from 1/2 - 3/4” and in widths up to 12”

244
Q

Lath

A

A building material of wood, metal, gypsum or insulating board that is fastener to the frame of a building to act as a plaster base

245
Q

Lattice

A

A framework of crossed wood or metal strips

246
Q

Leader

A

A vertical pipe or downspout that carries rainwater from the gutter to the ground or storm sewer

247
Q

Lease

A

A contract for the use of land for a period of years with a designated payment of a monthly or annual rental

248
Q

Ledger Strip

A

A strip of lumber nailed along the bottom of the side of a girder on which the joists rest

249
Q

Legal Description

A

A written indication of the location and boundaries of a parcel of land. Reference is generally made to a recorded plat of survey

250
Q

Lien

A

A legal right or claim that one party has against a property as a security for a payment obligation

251
Q

Lintel

A

A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening such as a door or window

252
Q

Live Load

A

A load that is not derived from the actual structure but from furniture, snow, people, or other weight placed on surfaces

253
Q

Load

A

The amount of power or watts on a circuit or distribution panel

254
Q

Load-Bearing Wall

A

Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder. Normally, any wall that has a double horizontal top plate

255
Q

Lookout

A

A short wooden framing member used to support an overhanging portion of a roof. It extends from the wall to the underside surfacing of the overhang

256
Q

Lot

A

A measured amount of property having fixed boundaries

257
Q

Lot Line

A

The line forming the legal boundary of a piece of property

258
Q

Louver

A

An opening with a series of horizontal slats so arranges as to permit ventilation but to exclude rain, sunlight, or vision

259
Q

Main

A

The principle water pipe from which other pipes branch

260
Q

Mantel

A

The shelf above a fireplace, also used in referring or the decorative trim around a fireplace opening

261
Q

Maple

A

Both hard and soft maple are generally light tan and used in construction where hardness is a major factor

262
Q

Masonry

A

Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, gypsum block, or other similar building units or materials or a combination of the same, bonded together with mortar to form a wall, pier, buttress or similar mass

263
Q

Mastic

A

A flexible adhesive for adhering building materials

264
Q

Mechanic’s Lien

A

The right given to a contractor or material supplier over a property for material supplied or work performed and not yet paid

265
Q

Metal Wall Ties

A

Strips of corrugated metal used to tie a brick veneer wall to a framework

266
Q

Millwork

A

Lumber that is shaped to a given pattern or molded form. It includes dressing, matching, and machining.

267
Q

Miter Joint

A

A joint made with the ends or edges of two pieces of lumber cut at a 45 degree angle and fitted together

268
Q

Modular Construction

A

Construction in which the size of all the building materials is based on a common unit of measure

269
Q

Moisture Barrier

A

A material such as specially treated paper that retards the passage of vapor or moisture into walls, and prevents condensation with the walls

270
Q

Monolithic Slab

A

A slab foundation that is part of the footings

271
Q

Mortar

A

A mixture of cement, sand and water, used by the mason as a bonding agent for bricks and stone

272
Q

Mortgage

A

A document used to hold property as security for a debt

273
Q

Mullion

A

A vertical bar or divider in the frame between windows, doors or other openings

274
Q

Multiple Listing Service (MLS)

A

A real estate brokerage service organized by local brokers to share real estate listed for sale

275
Q

Muntin

A

A small member, which divides the glass or openings of sash or doors

276
Q

Neutral

A

The wire in an electrical system (usually white) that carries current when there is unbalance load

277
Q

Niche

A

A recess in a wall, usually designed to contain ornamental statues or other decorations

278
Q

Nominal Size

A

The size of lumber before dressing, rather than its actual size

279
Q

Nonbearing Wall

A

A wall supporting no load other than its own weight

280
Q

Nosing

A

The rounded edge of a stair treads

281
Q

On Center

A

The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, joists, and other framing members from the center of one member to the center of the next

282
Q

Outlet

A

Any type of electrical box allowing current to be drawn from the electrical system for lighting or appliances

283
Q

Overhang

A

The projecting area of a roof or upper story beyond the wall of the lower part

284
Q

Pallet

A

An inexpensive wood skid used to stack and ship construction materials such as a brick or concrete block

285
Q

Panel

A

In house construction, a thin flat piece of wood, plywood, or similar material, framed by stiles and rails as in a door or fitted into grooves of thicker material with molded edges for decorative wall treatment

286
Q

Paper, Building

A

A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in building without reference to their properties or uses

287
Q

Parapet

A

A low wall or railing around the edge of a roof

288
Q

Particle Board

A

A composition board made of wood chips or particles bonded together with an adhesive under high pressure

289
Q

Partition

A

A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building

290
Q

Passive Solar Heating

A

Involves capturing, storing, and using solar radiation to heat a dwelling without the use of fans or pumps to circulate the heat

291
Q

Periphery

A

A boundary or complete outside edge of a parcel of land or an object on a drawing

292
Q

Phase Change Material

A

A material capable of storing large amounts of heat as they change from solid to liquid. They are slow to release the stored heat and are, therefore, interesting as possible thermal mass materials.

293
Q

Pier

A

A masonry pillar usually below a building to support the floor framing

294
Q

Pilaster

A

A portion of a square column usually set within or against a wall for the purpose of strengthening the wall, also a decorative column attached to a wall

295
Q

Ponderosa Pine

A

Light reddish colored softwood used especially for a sash, doors, and screens in the softer grades

296
Q

White Pine

A

Softwood of light tan color used for door, sash, interior and exterior trim, siding and panels

297
Q

Yellow Pine

A

Softwood of medium texture, moderately hard and a yellow to reddish brown color

298
Q

Pitch

A

The slope of a roof usually expressed as a ratio

299
Q

Plant Shelf

A

A decorative feature approximately 8’ above the floor, normally associated with volume ceilings that add high spaces/shelves to use for decorative purposes

300
Q

Plaster

A

A mortar-like composition used for covering walls and ceilings, usually made of portland cement mixed with sand and water

301
Q

Plat

A

A drawing of surveyed land indicating the location, boundaries, and dimensions of the parcel. The recorded plat, usually sent to an appropriate governmental office or the county recorders office, also contains information as to easements, restrictions and lot number

302
Q

Plate

A

Sill plate is a horizontal member anchored to a masonry wall. Sole plate is bottom horizontal member of a frame wall. Top plate is top horizontal member of a frame wall supporting ceiling joists, rafters or other members

303
Q

Platform Framing

A

A system of framing a building in which floor joists of each story rest on the top plates of the story below or on the foundation sill for the first story, and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the sub-floor of each

304
Q

Plenum System

A

A system of heating or air condition in which the air is forced through a chamber connected to distributing ducts

305
Q

Plot Plan

A

An overhead view plan that shows the location of the home on the lot. Includes all easements, property lines, set backs, and legal descriptions of the home. Provided by the surveyor

306
Q

Plumb

A

Perfectly vertical, a term often used for the placement of doors and windows

307
Q

Plumbing Fixture

A

A receptacle or device from which water is dispensed and/or drained such as a bath, toilet, or faucet

308
Q

Plywood

A

A piece of wood made of three or more layers of veneer joined with glue, and usually laid with the grain of adjoining plies at right angles. Almost always an odd number of plies are used to provide balanced construction

309
Q

Polyethylene Vapor Barrier

A

Plastic film used to prevent moisture from passing through unfaced insulation. Both 4 and 6 mil polyethylene are preferred because they are less likely to be damaged during construction.

310
Q

Porte-cochere

A

A carriage entrance leading through a building or wall into an inner courtyard. Also a roofed structure covering a driveway at the entrance of a building to provide shelter while entering or leaving a vehicle

311
Q

Portico

A

A covered entryway attached to house, usually open on three sides and supported by posts or columns

312
Q

Post and Beam Construction

A

Wall construction consisting of post rather than studs

313
Q

Precast

A

Concrete shapes which are made before being placed into structure

314
Q

Prefabricated Houses

A

Houses that are built in sections or component parts in a plant and then assembled at the site

315
Q

Preframed Panels

A

Fabricated panels consisting of precut lumber and plywood manufactured to standard dimensions ready for structural use.

316
Q

Preservative

A

Any substance that for a reasonable length of time, will prevent the action of wood destroying fungi, borers of various kinds, and similar destructive agents when the wood has been properly coated or impregnated with it.

317
Q

Punch List

A

A list of discrepancies that need to be corrected by the contractor

318
Q

Purlins

A

Horizontal roof members laid over trusses to support rafters

319
Q

Quarry Tile

A

A man made or machine made clay tile used to finish a floor or wall. Generally 6”x6”x1/4”

320
Q

Quarter Round

A

A small molding that has the cross section of a quarter circle

321
Q

Quoins

A

Stone or other building materials set in the corners of masonry sections of a house fore appearance

322
Q

R-value

A

A measurement used to describe the resistance to temperature changes in insulation

323
Q

Rabbet

A

A groove cut along the edge of a board producing an L shaped strip. Used as trim and in joint work in cabinet construction

324
Q

Radiant Heating

A

A method of heating usually consisting of a forced hot water system with pipes placed in the floor, wall, or ceiling; or with electrically heated panels

325
Q

Radiation

A

The flow of heat from a warm source through space in waves of infrared or visible light energy

326
Q

Rafter

A

One of a series of structural members of a roof designed to support roof loads. The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called roof joists

327
Q

Rail

A

The horizontal framing pieces of a panel door

328
Q

Rake

A

Refers to the slope of the roof at the end of a gable, where the outside part of the overhang forms an upside down V

329
Q

Random Rubble

A

Stonework having irregular shaped units and no indication of systematic course work

330
Q

Rebar

A

Ribbed steel bars installed in foundation concrete walls, footers and poured in place concrete structures designed to strengthen concrete.

331
Q

Red Cedar

A

A reddish to dull brown softwood. Mainly used in shingles because of durability

332
Q

Red Oak

A

Hard and tough hardwood used for flooring, interior trim, stair treads and railing

333
Q

Redwood

A

Light to deep reddish brown softwood.

334
Q

Register

A

The open end of a duct for warm or cool air; usually covered with screening

335
Q

Reinforced Concrete

A

Concrete with steel bars or webbing embedded for strength

336
Q

Retaining Wall

A

A wall that holds back an earth embankment

337
Q

Reveal

A

The side of an opening for a window or door, between the frame and the outer surface of the wall

338
Q

Rheostat

A

An instrument used for regulating electric current

339
Q

Ridge

A

The top edge of the roof where two slopes meet

340
Q

Ridge Board

A

The board placed on edge at the ridge of the roof into which the upper ends of the rafters are fastened

341
Q

Ridge Vent

A

A vent mounted along the entire ridge line of the roof to allow the passage of air through the attic or cathedral ceiling

342
Q

Riprap

A

A wall or foundation of random stone to prevent erosion on an embankment

343
Q

Rise

A

In stairs, the vertical height of a step or flight of steps

344
Q

Riser

A

Each of the vertical boards closing the spaces between the treads of stairways

345
Q

Riser Wall

A

A short wall

346
Q

Rough In

A

The installation of all parts of the plumbing system that can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures, including drainage, water supply, vent piping, and the necessary fixture supports

347
Q

Roof Sheathing

A

The boards or sheet material fastened to the roof rafters on which the shingles or other roof covering is laid

348
Q

Roof Vent

A

A louver or small dome mounted near the ridge of the roof to allow the passage of air through the attic

349
Q

Rough Opening

A

A framed opening in a structure into which doors, windows and other finished trim are set

350
Q

Run

A

In stairs, the net width of a step or the horizontal distance covered by a flight of stairs

351
Q

Saddle

A

Two sloping surfaces meeting in a horizontal ridge, used between the backside of a chimney or other vertical surface and a sloping roof. Also called a cricket

352
Q

Salt Box Roof

A

A side gable with one side long and extending down to the first floor and the other side short covering the second floor

353
Q

Sash

A

A single light frame containing one or more lights of glass

354
Q

Screw Pile

A

A pile, often made of steel, with a spiral or helical blade fixed to the lower end by which the pile is screwed or twisted into the ground taking a firm hold and acting as a support column or foundation

355
Q

Scuttle

A

A small opening in a ceiling which provides access to an attic or roof

356
Q

Section

A

A rectangular area of land used in the survey system which is approximately one mile square bounded by section lines. The section system may then be divided into halves, quarters or smaller units. One square mile comprises 640 acres

357
Q

Septic Tank

A

A concrete or steel tank where sewage is partially reduced by bacterial action

358
Q

Setback

A

A zoning restriction, which applies to the location of the home on a lot

359
Q

Setback lines

A

Lines that indicate the required distances for the location of a structure in relation to the boundaries of the property

360
Q

Shakes

A

Roofing or siding shingles made from split wood

361
Q

Sheathing

A

The structural covering, usually wood boards or plywood, used over studs or rafters of a structure. Structural building board is normally used only as wall sheathing

362
Q

Shed Roof

A

A flat roof slanting in one direction

363
Q

Shim

A

Small thin pieces of wood or other material used to fill in gaps or level surfaces

364
Q

Shoe Mold

A

The small mold against the baseboard at the floor

365
Q

Short Circuit

A

An improper connection of a hot wire with another hot wire or neutral

366
Q

Sidelight

A

A vertical window beside a door or another window

367
Q

Siding

A

The finished covering of the outside wall of a frame building, whether made of horizontal weather boards, vertical boards with battens, shingles, or other material.

368
Q

Sill

A

The lowest member of the frame of a structure, resting on the foundation and supporting the floor joists or the uprights of the wall. The member forming the lower side of an opening, as a doorsill

369
Q

Skylight

A

An opening in a roof covered by glass or plastic material to admit natural light

370
Q

Slab Foundation

A

For a slab foundation, the site is leveled off, and a trench is dug around the perimeter of the home site. Gravel is then spread across the site, and concrete is poured approximately four inches thick over wire mesh and a moisture barrier. In areas of load bearing walls, trenches need to be dug to allow for additional thickness at this location. Slab foundations have no piers or floor joists, and the concrete slab is the floor system.

371
Q

Sleeper

A

Usually a wood member embedded in concrete, as in a floor, that serves to support and to fasten sub-floor or flooring

372
Q

Smoke Chamber

A

The portion of chimney flue located directly over the fireplace

373
Q

Soffit

A

Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice

374
Q

Softwood

A

Wood produced from coniferous trees or trees that bear cones. Most commonly used at the pines, but also includes such trees as fir, spruce, redwood and cedar. The term has no reference to the actual hardness or softness of the wood

375
Q

Soil Stack

A

The main vertical pipe, which receives wastewater from fixtures in a building

376
Q

Solar Collectors

A

Devices for trapping the sun’s energy

377
Q

Solar Radiation

A

The sun’s energy

378
Q

Solid Bridging

A

A solid member placed between adjacent floor joists near the center of the span to prevent joists from twisting

379
Q

Span

A

The distance between the structural supports of beams and girders

380
Q

Spruce

A

Pale yellowish softwood used for general building purposes as planks, dimension stock and joists. Millwork products include floors, casing and trim

381
Q

Square

A

A unit of measure, 100 square feet, usually applied to roofing material. Sidewalk coverings are sometimes packed to cover 100 sq ft and are sold on that basis

382
Q

Square Footage Living

A

The square footage in a home that is heated and/or cooled. The space occupied by two-story rooms and stairwells is counted once in the lower floor’s square footage. Living square footage does not include garages, bonus room, or porches unless otherwise noted

383
Q

Stile

A

The vertical sidepieces of a panel door

384
Q

Stool

A

The horizontal ledge or strip as part of the frame below an interior window

385
Q

Stretcher Course

A

A row of masonry in a wall with the long side of the units exposed to the exterior

386
Q

Stringer

A

A long, horizontal member, which connects uprights in a frame or supports a floor or the like. One of the enclosed sides of a stair supporting the treads and risers

387
Q

Stucco

A

Most commonly refers to an outside plaster made with portland cement as its base

388
Q

Studs

A

The vertical framing members of a wall

389
Q

Sub-Floor

A

Any material, usually plywood, nailed directly to floor joists. The finish floor is attached over the sub-floor

390
Q

Sump

A

A pit in a basement floor which collects water and into which a sump pump is placed to remove the water

391
Q

Survey

A

A description of the measure and marking of land, including maps and field notes, which describe the property

392
Q

Suspended Ceiling

A

A ceiling system supported by hanging from the overhead structural framing

393
Q

Tail Beam

A

A relatively short beam or joist supported in a wall on one end and by a header at the other

394
Q

Take Off

A

The list of materials necessary to complete a job

395
Q

Taping

A

The process of covering drywall joints with strips of paper or mesh and coating with joint compound to produce a smooth, seamless surface

396
Q

Termite Shield

A

A shield, usually of non-corrodible metal, placed in or on a foundation wall or other mass of masonry or around pipes to prevent passage of termites

397
Q

Term

A

The length of a loan

398
Q

Terrazzo Flooring

A

Wear-resistant flooring made of marble chips or small stones embedded in cement and polished smooth

399
Q

Thermal Mass

A

Materials, which can store large amounts of heat such as stone, masonry or concrete

400
Q

Thermo Siphoning

A

Is the result of a fluid expanding and rising

401
Q

Thermostat

A

Automatic device for controlling temperature

402
Q

Threshold

A

A strip of wood or metal with beveled edges used over the finished floor and the sill of exterior doors

403
Q

Title

A

Evidence indicating the rights a person has to the ownership and possession of land

404
Q

Topography

A

Usually refers to site characteristics such as contour of the land, trees, or other natural features

405
Q

Top Plate

A

The horizontal member nailed to the top of the studding of a wall

406
Q

Tract

A

A specified area of land

407
Q

Transom

A

A window placed above a door or permanent window, which is hinged for ventilation

408
Q

Trap

A

A u-shaped pipe below plumbing fixtures designed to create a water seal and prevent sewer odors and gases from being released in the habitable areas

409
Q

Tray Ceiling

A

A decorative ceiling treatment used to add volume and/or height to a room.

410
Q

Tread

A

The horizontal board in a stairway on which the foot is placed

411
Q

Trim

A

The finish materials in a building, such as moldings, applied around openings or at the floor and ceiling of rooms

412
Q

Trimmer

A

The longer floor framing member around a rectangular opening into which a header is joined

413
Q

Troweling

A

The finishing operation, which produces a smooth, hard surface on concrete slab

414
Q

Truss

A

Structural member arranged and fastened in triangular units to form a ridge framework for support of loads over a long span

415
Q

Underlayment

A

A material placed under finish coverings, such as flooring or shingles, to provide a smooth, even surface for applying the finish

416
Q

Unfaced Insulation

A

Insulation with no attached vapor retarder

417
Q

Utility Room

A

A room used for laundry, heating equipment, or janitorial purposes

418
Q

Valley

A

The internal angle formed by the junction of two sloping sides of a roof

419
Q

Valley Rafter

A

The diagonal rafter at the intersection of two intersecting sloping roofs

420
Q

Vapor Barrier

A

A waterproof membrane or plastic sheet used in insulation. The sheathing faces the heated area to control dampness

421
Q

Vaulted Ceiling

A

A ceiling that angles upward on one or both sides to create volume in the room

422
Q

Veneer

A

Extremely thin sheets of wood produced by slicing or rotary-cutting a log

423
Q

Veneered Construction

A

Type of wall construction in which frame or masonry walls are faced with other exterior surfacing materials

424
Q

Ventilation

A

Creates a positive flow of air that allows the house to “breathe” and helps prevent moisture build-up year-round

425
Q

Vent Stack

A

A vertical soil pipe connected to the drainage system to allow ventilation and pressure equalization

426
Q

Veranda

A

An open porch alongside a building. Usually covered by a roof for protection from the sun or rain

427
Q

Volt

A

A unit of electrical force. Volts = Current (amps) x Resistance (OHMs)

428
Q

Wainscot

A

Surfacing on the lower part of an interior wall when finished differently from the remainder of the wall

429
Q

Walk Through

A

A final inspection of a home before “closing” to look for and document problems that need to be corrected

430
Q

Wall Tie

A

A small metal strip or steel wire used to bind tiers of masonry in cavity-wall construction. Or to bind brick veneer to the wood-frame wall in veneer construction

431
Q

Water Conditioner

A

A device used to remove dissolved minerals from water to make it soft. Generally used in houses supplied by well water, which contains calcium, magnesium, and other minerals, to remove hardness that causes scale buildup in plumbing

432
Q

Weather Strip

A

Strip of metal or fabric fastened along the edges of windows and doors to reduce drafts and heat loss

433
Q

Weep Hole

A

An opening at the bottom of a wall, which allows the drainage of water.

434
Q

Window

A

An opening in a wall or roof of a building to provide light, air , view, etc, but containing glass to keep out the weather

435
Q

Wood Grade

A

A designation given to the quality of manufactured lumber

436
Q

Working Drawing

A

Drawing used by workman in construction. Shows all structural detail such as electric, plumbing, partitions, etc.

437
Q

X-Bracing

A

Crossbracing forming the letter X. Used in floors and partitions

438
Q

Yard

A

A tract of ground adjacent to a building

439
Q

Yard of Concrete

A

One cubic yard of concrete is 3’x3’x3’ in volume or 27 cubic feet. One cubic yard of concrete will pour 80 square feet of 3.5” sidewalk or basement/garage floor

440
Q

Yard Lumber

A

Lumber generally found in a lumber yard, that is lumber graded for general building purposes

441
Q

Z-Bar Flashing

A

Bent, galvanized metal flashing that is installed above a horizontal trim board of an exterior window, door, or brick run. It prevents water from getting behind the trim/brick and into the home

442
Q

Zero Lot Line

A

The construction of a building on any of the boundary lines of a lot. Usually built on the front line, such as a store built to the sidewalk.

443
Q

Zero Side Yard

A

The building of a subdivision with each house built on a side boundary line. This gives more usable yard space on narrow lots. An easement for maintenance is given over a portion of the lot adjoining each house

444
Q

Zoning

A

The division of a city or county by legislative regulation into areas specifying the uses allowable for the real property in these areas

445
Q

Zoning Ordinance

A

A law controlling the use of land and construction of improvements in a given area

446
Q

Current

A

Current is the flow of electrons, how many electrons per second flow through a wire. 20mA = .02 amps.

447
Q

Voltage

A

Voltage is a measure of the force that makes electrons want to move from one place to another. It is also known as “potential”, but is not the same as capacity. Measured in units called volts (V) or (E)

448
Q

Resistance

A

A resistor resists the flow of current and is measured in Ohms (R). The larger the resister the fewer electrons can flow

449
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

Demonstrates the relationship between current, voltage and resistance. Current is directly proportional to voltage. Current is inversely proportional to resistance.
Voltage (E)
Current (I)
Resistance (R)
I=E/R
E=IxR
R=E/I

450
Q
A

California Construction License (3 decks)

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