General Concepts in Pathology

Question 1

Tissue Types

1. types of tissue? [6]
2. examples of epithelial tissue? [3]
3. examples of connective tissue? [6]

Answer 1

1. types of tissue:
   
   • epithelial
   • connective
   • haemato-lymphoid
   • neuroglial
   • melanocytic
   • germ cell
2. examples of epithelial tissue:
   
   • squamous
   • glandular
   • solid organs
3. examples of connective tissue:
   
   • fibrous
   • blood vessel
   • fat
   • muscle
   • bone
   • cartilage

Question 2

What is homeostasis and how is it achieved/maintained? [2]

Answer 2

1. homeostasis is achieved through normal cell biological mechanisms
2. normal cells usually sense and easily adjust to mild environmental changes

Question 3

Describe the process of cell adaptation to cell death as a result of environmental stress [6]

Answer 3

1. if the environmental stress is more than can be dealt with by homeostasis, then the cell may undergo further adaptation (esp. changes in cell growth)
2. if stress is very intense, long-lasting or of a specific type or if the cell is very sensitive, this can lead to cell injury:
   
   • sub-lethal cell injury
     
     • can lead to inflammation →→ cell death
   • lethal cell injury (i.e. cell death)

Question 4

Name the 11 categories of disease [11]

Answer 4

VITAMIN CDEF

1. vascular
2. infective/inflammatory
3. traumatic
4. autoimmune
5. metabolic
6. idiopathic/iatrogenic
7. neoplastic
8. congenital
9. developmental/degenerative
10. endocrine
11. functional

Question 5

Hypoxia:

1. definition? [1]
2. causes? [2]
3. effect? [2]

Answer 5

1. deficiency of oxygen
2. causes:
   
   • anaemia
   • respiratory failure
3. effect:
   
   • disrupts oxidative respiratory processes in the mitochondria
   • decreases ATP

Question 6

Ischaemia:

1. definition? [1]
2. causes? [1]
3. effect? [3]

Answer 6

1. reduction in blood supply to tissue
2. caused by blockage of arterial supply/venous drainage
3. results in depletion of oxygen and nutrients (e.g. glucose), therefore the damage is more severe and rapid

Question 7

What is the difference between hypoxia and ischaemia? [2]

Answer 7

1. hypoxia = depletion of oxygen ONLY
2. ischaemia = depletion of oxygen AND nutrients

Question 8

Name and describe the 3 types of hypersensitivity [3]

Answer 8

1. type 1 hypersensitivity
   
   • ​​IgE mediated
   • anaphylaxis
2. type 2 hypersensitivity
   
   • antibodies directed towards antigens on cells
   • autoimmune reaction
3. type 3 hypersensitivity
   
   • ​​antigen-antibody complexes and their deposition
   • autoimmune reaction