General concepts in pathology Flashcards
Pathology is the ____ of _____. ______ is abnormality of cell / tissue structure and/or function.
Pathology is the study of disease. Disease is abnormality of cell / tissue structure and/or function.
Pathology can be divided into ____ and ____.
\_\_\_\_\_ = disease causes and processes in general eg inflammation. \_\_\_\_\_ = processes occurring in each system eg cardiovascular.
Pathology can be divided into General and Systemic.
General = disease causes and processes in general eg inflammation. Systemic = processes occurring in each system eg cardiovascular.
Disease can be described in terms of:
- epidemiology (meaning ____ _____)
- aetiology (meaning ____)
- pathogenesis (meaning ____)
- sequelae (meaning _____)
Disease can be described in terms of:
- epidemiology (meaning broad patterns)
- aetiology (meaning causes)
- pathogenesis (meaning mechanism)
- sequelae (meaning complications)
Levels of magnification:
- ____ (naked eye)
- ___ ______
- ____ ______
- _____ __ ____
Levels of magnification:
- gross (naked eye)
- light microscopy
- electron microscopy
- molecular cell biology
Levels of organisation:
- body
- ____
- Organ
- _____
- cell
- ____
Levels of organisation:
- body
- system
- Organ
- tissue
- cell
- molecule
Broad tissue types:
- epithelial
- _______
- _____-_____
- neuro-glial
- ______
- germ cell
Broad tissue types:
- epithelial
- connective
- haemato-lymphoid
- neuro-glial
- melanocytic
- germ cell
Types of epithelial tissue: squamous, ______, solid organs (eg liver, thyroid)
Types of epithelial: squamous, glandular, solid organs (eg liver, thyroid)
Types of connective tissue:
- fibrous
- ____ _____
- ___
- muscle
- ____
- ______
Types of connective tissue:
- fibrous
- blood vessel
- fat
- muscle
- bone
- cartilage
There’s 11 listed organ systems that are especially relevant for pathology.
Name as many as possible.
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Gastro-intestinal
- Genito-urinary
- Haemato-lymphoid
- Skin
- Breast
- Musculo-skeletal
- Neurological
- ENT / head+neck
- Eye/Ophthalmic
but surely renal and hepatology too??
Cells adjust to environmental changes to maintain homeostasis. Factors can be ____ or ____.
_____ factors:
- physical factors
- ______ factors
- infection
- _______
_____ factors:
- functional demand
- _______
- immune response
Cells adjust to environmental changes to maintain homeostasis. Factors can be external or internal.
External factors:
- physical factors
- chemical factors
- infection
- nutrition
Internal factors:
- functional demand
- hormones/metabolic
- immune response
If the environmental change . (stress) is more than can be dealt with by homeostasis then the cell will undergo further adaptation, esp changes in growth:
- _____ (smaller + less)
- _____ (more)
- _____ (bigger)
- _____ (one different cell type to another)
- _____ (abnormal cell architecture)
If the environmental change . (stress) is more than can be dealt with by homeostasis then the cell will undergo further adaptation, esp changes in growth:
- atrophy (smaller + less)
- hyperplasia (more)
- hypertrophy (bigger)
- metaplasia (one different cell type to another)
- dysplasia (abnormal cell architecture)
If cell stress is more intense, longer lasting, a specific type or if the cell is very sensitive:
cells many undergo __-___ cell injury or cell ____.
The body may respond with _______, acute or chronic
After years of this the cells may undergo _____ (__ and ______ tissue growth)
If cell stress is more intense, longer lasting, a specific type or if the cell is very sensitive:
cells many undergo sub-lethal cell injury or cell death.
The body may respond with inflammation, acute or chronic
After years of this the cells may undergo neoplasia (new and abnormal tissue growth)
Causes of disease.
- Physical agents.
- ______ (strictures, adhesions, hernia, criminal)
- _______ (either extreme)
- _______ (damages DNA)
- ______ ____
Causes of disease.
- Physical agents.
- mechanical (strictures, adhesions, hernia, criminal)
- temperature (either extreme)
- radiation (damages DNA)
- electric shock
Causes of disease.
- Chemical agents.
- ____ (eg paracetamol)
- _____ (eg cyanide)
- environmental (eg _____)
- occupational hazards (eg _____)
Causes of disease.
- Chemical agents.
- drugs (eg paracetamol)
- poisons (eg cyanide)
- environmental (eg insecticides)
- occupational hazards (eg asbestos)
Causes of disease.
- Infections.
- ______
- deficiency of oxygen (causes include _____, ______ _____)
- disrupts oxidative respiratory processes in mitochondria so decreases ATP
- ______
- reduction in blood supply (caused by _____ of _____ ____ or _____ _____)
- depletion of not just oxygen, but nutrients too (eg glucose)
- therefore damage more rapid and severe
Causes of disease.
- Infections.
- Hypoxia
- deficiency of oxygen (causes include anaemia, respiratory failure)
- disrupts oxidative respiratory processes in mitochondria so decreases ATP
- Ischaemia
- reduction in blood supply (caused by blockage of arterial supply or venous drainage)
- depletion of not just oxygen, but nutrients too (eg glucose)
- therefore damage more rapid and severe
