General Concepts Flashcards
What are the four levels of data?
Raw data, sample, study population, target population
What is a Z score?
A measure of how many standard deviations from the mean a value is.
What is the 25th percentile?
The value under which 25% of measurements lie.
What is the interquartile range?
The distance between the 25th and 75th percentile.
What is the Pearson coefficient?
The Pearson coefficient. It measures how close to a straight line a linear relationship is. 1 for measurements exactly on the line and positively correlated. -1 if measurements exactly on the line but negatively correlated
What is a confounder?
A common factor that influences both the dependent and the independent variables. Like summer increasing both ice cream consumption and drownings.
What is Simpson’s paradox?
When the apparent direction of an association is reversed when adjusting for a confounding factor.
P. 111-112 The Art of Statistics
What is reverse causation?
When the dependent variable is causing the dependent variable to change. Ex. Very ill people drink less. It is not people that drink less become very ill.
