General Colonial History

Question 1

Hiacoomes and Mittark

Answer 1

Martha’s Vinyard Praying Indian preachers

Question 2

1746 Massachusetts Guardian Law

Answer 2

Law that hired white agents to act as ‘guardians’ over Indian lands. Decisions about Indian land use would rest in the hands of these white guardians.

Question 3

Congregationalism

Answer 3

The Congregational tradition was brought to America in the 1630s by the Puritans—a Calvinistic group within the Church of England that desired to purify it of any remaining teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. As part of their reforms, Puritans desired to replace the Church of England’s episcopal polity (rule by bishops) with another form of church government. Some English Puritans favored presbyterian polity (rule by assemblies of presbyters), as was utilized by the Church of Scotland, but those who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony organized their churches according to congregational polity (rule by members of the local church).

Question 4

Presbyterianism

Answer 4

Puritans who favored presbyterian polity (rule by assemblies of presbyters i.e. elders or ministers of the Christian Church).

Question 5

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1701)

Answer 5

Anglican competitor to Puritan missions. SPG, primarily a missionary organization. Involved in the West Indies and both owned and converted slaves.

Question 6

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1698)

Answer 6

Anglican competitor to Puritan missions. SPCK, designed to distribute books and establish schools

Question 7

Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (1709)

Answer 7

SSPCK, a Presbyterian missionary organization that both distributed books and supported missionaries throughout the Atlantic.

Question 8

Thomas Bray

Answer 8

Founded the SPG and SPCK.

Question 9

The Associates of Dr. Thomas Bray (1723)

Answer 9

Created by Thomas Bray’s associates. Attempted to spread Protestantism in places where Puritan missions failed to reach.

Question 10

John Eliot’s Account on King Philip (1670s)

Answer 10

A fictional recounting of King Philip being successfully converted to Puritanism. Intended to show how converting an Indian King might lead to a domino effect whereby other Indians would follow their leader.

Question 11

SPG and Slavery

Answer 11

The Christianization of SPG slaves (who had the word “SOCIETY” branded upon them) was highly important to the Anglican Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, which owned plantations in the West Indies.

Question 12

Spiritual vs. Temporal Freedom

Answer 12

Idea that “Christian spiritual liberty” only implied spiritual freedom, rather than actual freedom, which allowed Indian and Black converts to be kept as subordinates.

Question 13

Yamassee War of 1715

Answer 13

Occurred in the Carolinas. Alienated Yamassee Prince George from his Anglican sponsors and catalyzed a colossal diaspora of Indians that English missionaries were trying to convert.

Question 14

Hendrick Tejonihokarawa

Answer 14

One of the “Mohawk Kings” who visited London in 1710. Assisted Anglican Minister William Andrews in converting Mohawk in New York via Fort Hunter.

Question 15

George Berkeley’s Bermuda Plan

Answer 15

Berkeley was an Anglican cleric who proposed capturing the children of enemy Indians as well as blacks and training them up to be missionaries in a college on the island of Bermuda, the “crossroads” of the British Atlantic. Failed for obvious reasons.

Question 16

Creolization and Ethnogenesis

Answer 16

Creolization implies people taking a concept foreign to them, like Christianity, and incorporating it into their own culture over generations. Ethnogenesis occurs after the process of Creolization has completed, for instance, after said “Christian Indians” believe themselves to be a new and distinct ethnic group with a common history.

Question 17

John Cotton’s Missionary Eschatology

Answer 17

Believed Jews had to be converted before Gentiles (Indians), but conceded that some Indians could be converted before that occurred. Colored Eliot’s beliefs and contributed to delay in the creation of the Massachusetts Bay Mission according to Cogley.

Question 18

The Affective model (Massachusetts Conversion)

Answer 18

Ethnocentric. Assumed worthlessness of Algonkian culture. But it implied that the colony would not begin converting Indians until they themselves wanted it.

Question 19

New Englands First Fruits

Answer 19

Discussed missionary activity in New England before John Eliot’s mission began in 1646.

Question 20

Cambridge Platform 1648

Answer 20

Defined ecclesiological orthodoxy in Massachusetts Bay. Did not discuss missionary work.

Question 21

The Pequot War 1636-37

Answer 21

English + Narragansett + Wampanoag kill or enslave approx half of Pequot population; Pequots effectively destroyed as a people → conflict served as an ominous foreshadowing to KPW.

Question 22

Maintaining Competency

Answer 22

A type of subsistence economy in colonial NE that sought for a certain amount of economic security that would allow them to weather difficult times and perhaps (if they were lucky) pass along some amount of property to their children; a mindset that is risk averse rather than obsessed with profit .

Question 23

The Great Awakening

Answer 23

• Accomplished intercolonial religious unity
• Brought “new lights” together across borders
• Pro revival preachers = “new lights” → developed lines of communication between colonies, which was really the first time that this happened; people were interested in religious revivals

Question 24

Anglicization after the Great Awakening

Answer 24

• Process by which colonizers in mainland America became more like Great Britain, and in doing so became more like each other (contrast to before when individual colonies were more distinct)
• Colonies becoming more apart of the British Atlantic World

Question 25

The Consumer Revolution (1750s)

Answer 25

1) colonists are buying more stuff 2) more colonizers are able to buy more stuff

Question 26

1764 Sugar Act

Answer 26

• lowered taxes on imported sugar
• but provided customs officers with power to actually collect the tax
• if you are found in violation of the act, you’ll be tried by an Admiralty (Military) Court

Question 27

Stamp Act 1765

Answer 27

• paper goods used in the colonies had to carry a tax stamp on them
• “stamp masters” would be appointed to distribute stamps throughout colonies
• stamp taxes had never been used previously
• stamp masters violently dealt with

Question 28

1766 Declaratory Act

Answer 28

• Parliament declares its still the sovereign body in the colonies, not willing to cede sovereignty to the colonies
• in response to colonists questioning parliamentary sovereignty

Question 29

1767 Townsend Acts

Answer 29

• levied import duties on goods that came into the colonies (e.g. tea, glass, lead)
• meant to alleviate British debt and increase imperial control over colonies by using collected duties to pay royally appointed governors
• previously, royal governors were paid by colonial assemblies
• tensions over Townshend acts lead to Boston massacre
• Acts were repealed, but a tax on tea was left in place

Question 30

The Tea Act of 1773

Answer 30

• protected East India Company monopoly on tea

- colonists respond by dumping tea and encouraging non-importation

Question 31

Coercive Acts of 1774

Answer 31

• in response to Tea Party, shuts down Boston port and the MA assembly, until rioters are arrested and the EIC is compensated, took away colonial rights like trial by jury for the resisters → convinced many colonists that parliament couldn’t be reasoned with

Question 32

Dunmore Proclamation (1775)

Answer 32

• Dunmore declares that all slaves who ran away from masters to british lines would be given their freedom, with the goal of destabilizing Virginian society and weaken the planter class

Question 33

Virginia Plan

Answer 33

Represented Madison’s belief that people should have more power rather than the states…it called for bicameral legislature with proportional representation, an executive branch, and a federal judiciary w/ power over all state judiciaries

Question 34

NJ Plan

Answer 34

(ie stronger Articles) Called for unicameral legislature with equal representation, no executive branch, and no federal judiciary

Question 35

3/5ths Compromise

Answer 35

state populations counted every decade, adding free people and 3/5ths of “all other persons,” thus maintaining political power of southern slave states (slaves were people as well as representations of state wealth), in fact they had disproportionate power compared to free states up until abolition (a free person’s vote in a slave state meant more than a free person’s vote in a free state)