sp3d2 - angles are 90 degrees - octahedral

sp3d - angles are 90, 120 degrees - trigonal bipyramidal

Multiple chiral centers but is optically inactive - Plane of symmetry through center - Achiral

General Chemistry Flashcards by Jeet Das

SF6 hybridization

sp3d2

angles are 90 degrees
octahedral

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PCl5

sp3d

angles are 90, 120 degrees
trigonal bipyramidal

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Enantiomers rotate plane-polarized light in what way?

To the same degree but in opposite directions

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Chiral compounds are optically _____

Active

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Plane-polarized light = _____

Photons oriented with electric field in same direction

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Meso compound

Multiple chiral centers but is optically inactive

Plane of symmetry through center
Achiral

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Epimers

Diastereomers that differ in configuration at only one chiral carbon

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Chiral carbon of an anomer

Anomeric carbon

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E (entogegen)

Higher priority substituents of double bond are on opposite sides

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Z form for alkenes

Higher priority substituents of double bond are on zee zame zide

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What molecules can form hydrogen bonds?

Any H attached to N, O, or F

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What kinds of bonds are in noble gases?

London dispersion forces (induced dipole)

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Are larger atoms more or less polarizable? Why?

Larger atoms = more polarizable b/c electrons can get farther from the nucleus and create a larger dipole moment

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What does a decrease in enthalpy mean?

More stable product

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As temperature increases, rate ______, and reaction time _______

Increases; decreases

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How are the molarities of ideal gases related at the same temperature and pressure?

They are all the same

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What is the relationship between mL and cm?

1 mL = 1 cm^3

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Which are more stable: trans or cis?

Trans b/c less steric hindrance

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Dissolving a solid in a liquid ______ boiling point and _______ freezing point

Increases boiling point, decreases freezing point

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Break of two carbon chunks from saturated fatty acids and inject them into TCA as acetyl CoA is ______

Beta oxidation

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Smaller percentage of oxygen in a molecule = _____ energy of substrate

More energy

C must be oxidized

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Molecular geometry of molecule with three bonds and one lone pair

Trigonal pyramidal

Bond angles = 109.5˚

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What is the enthalpy of formation of a pure element in its natural state?

Zero

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Diastereomers and enantiomers differ because diastereomers can be _____

Separated by physical means (crystallization)

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Naturally occurring products have what stereochemistry?

In a Fischer projection, the lower priority group is in what direction?

To the side

How do you resolve enantiomers in a racemic mixture?

Enantiomers only react w/ chiral compounds => must use chiral molecule to resolve

Stereospecificity

Different isomers => different products

Stereoselective

Certain stereoisomer product dominates

Relation b/w stereospecific and stereoselective

Any reaction that is stereospecific is also stereoselective Stereoselective is not always stereospecific

Oxidized OH = ______

Ketone or aldehyde

How do enantiomers differ?

- They have opposite observed rotations - They react differently with chiral molecules - Everything else is the same

What is an enol?

Both an alkene and an alcohol attached to the same carbon - Can be tautomerized from a ketone

Meso compounds

- Achiral, but do contain chiral carbons - Line of symmetry - Due to being achiral => do not rotate plane-polarized light (not optically active)

Chiral molecules

Non-superimposable mirror images

Most stable conformation isomer = _____

Anti

What type of molecules do H bonds form b/w?

Partially positive H (bound to N, O, F) and partially negative electronegative atom (N, O, F)

Heat of formation

Change in energy from elemental form to experimental form

Formula for heat of formation for a reaction

(∆Hf˚ of products) - (∆Hf˚ of reactants) - Must multiply each ∆Hf˚ by they number of moles for that product

What is the effect of adding solute on the freezing point?

Freezing point depression - Solute makes it harder for liquid to form crystalline structure

What is the effect of adding solute on the boiling point?

Boiling point elevation - Makes it more difficult for molecules to escape as vapor => need higher temperature - Decreases vapor pressure

Strongest solid structure

Covalent network - Covalent bonds are the strongest - Very high melting point

What type of bonds are hydrogen bonds?

Non-covalent bonds

Are ammonium and Group 1 salts water soluble?

Yes

Are salts with NO3 and acetate (CH3COO-) water soluble?

Yes

Are halides soluble?

Yes, except for fluorides or unless formed with Ag, Pb, or Hg2

Are salts with sulfate (SO42-) water soluble?

Yes, except for those formed with Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb - Bapbcasr

Are metal oxides soluble?

No, unless formed w/ alkali metals, ammonium, and CaO, SrO, and BaO

Are hydroxides soluble?

No, unless formed w/ alkali metals, ammonium, Ca, Sr, or Ba

Are carbonates (CO3), phosphates, sulfides, and sulfites soluble?

No, unless formed w/ alkali metals or ammonium

In an electrochemical cell, where does oxidation take place? What about reduction?

``` Oxidation = anode Reduction = cathode ``` An Ox Red Cat

What is the difference between Galvanic and Electrolytic cells?

- Galvanic house spontaneous reactions w/ positive electromotive force - Electrolytic house nonspontaneous reactions w/ negative emf

Standard electromotive force

Difference in standard reduction potential b/w two half-cells - Positive for galvanic cells - Negative for electrolytic cells

Relation b/w E˚ and ∆G˚

- When E is positive, ∆G is negative (galvanic) - When E is negative, ∆G is positive (electrolytic) - When E is 0, ∆G is 0 (concentration cells)

Most stable conformation for cyclic molecules have heavier groups in _____ position

Heavier = equatorial

Torsional strain

Repulsion b/w electrons in bonds that do not share an atom - Occurs in eclipsed bonds

Steric strain

How close molecules are to each other

Isoprene

5 carbons

For establishing stereoconfiguration, where should the lowest priority group be pointing?

Away (dash) - If it's pointing towards you, configuration will be the opposite of what it looks like (if it looks R when lowest priority is towards you, it will actually be S)

Formula for number of stereoisomers

2^n - n = number of chirality centers

Enantiomers have _____ configurations at which chirality centers?

Opposite configurations at all chirality centers

Diastereomers have _____ configurations at which chirality centers?

Opposite configurations at some chirality centers

What should you look for to determine cis or trans?

Two identical groups on opposite sides of the double bond