General Chem Stuff Flashcards
What are the Main Group Elements?
The A groups
Describe what a Molecular Formula tells you.
Molecular formula is a list of the elements and the amounts of each. Such as H2O
For electron box notation, what do the boxes themselves represent, what do you fill them with, and how do you fill them?
The boxes themselves represent the orbitals of a subshell, and they are filled with arrows that represent the electrons. You start by filling every box with only one upward pointing arrow, when you have put an upward arrow in each box, put a downward arrow in the boxes until you have represented each electron in the subshell. 3p^5 would look kinda like: [^v][^v][^ ]
Standard atomic notation is A over Z to the left of X, what do each of these letters mean?
A is the number of Protons and Neutrons. (The number of “Nucleons”)
Z is the number of Protons specifically.
X is the Element Symbol.
Why
When water freezes, has it undergone a chemical or physical change?
A physical change.
What is the Specific Heat of water?
1 cal / g x °C
When adding or subtracting, you should…?
Round your number to the least precise number of sig figs in the original equation.
Are trailing zeros ever significant?
Only to the right of the decimal. OR if you add a decimal after the 0. (For example, 420 has two sig figs, 420. has three.)
How does one convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius?
Fahrenheit - 32 x .5556
If a Mixture’s composition is uniform, what is it?
A Homogeneous Mixture.
What is the formula to find a temperature change (ΔT)?
ΔT = Q / (mC)
Verbal answer: “Heat (Q) divided by mass(m) multiplied by the Specific Heat Capacity(C)”
What is a Radical?
A radical (or “free radical”), is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
What is Ionization Energy?
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule. (A measure of how possessive an atom is of it’s electrons.)
What are the properties of ionic bonds?
1. What do they create?
2. What is the bond called?
3. What is their state at room temperature?
4. Are they brittle?
5. What is their relative melting/boiling point?
6. What structures do they form?
7. Can they conduct electricity?
8. Are they water soluble?
- Creates Ions
- Ionic Bonds
- Solid at Room Temperature
- Brittle
- Relatively high melting/boiling point
- Forms 3D crystal lattices
- Good conductors of electricity when melted or dissolved in water
- Some are water soluble, these form “solutions”
What is the angle of a Pyramidal bond?
109.5°
What are the Transition Elements?
The B groups
Are leading zeros ever significant?
No.
Define “Polar Bond”
A bond where electrons are shared unequally.
How many Orbitals does S subshell have, and how many electrons can it hold?
1 Orbital, 2 Electrons
Can Compounds be Pure Substances?
Yes.
Oh no look behind you there’s a bear!
Sorry, I just wanted to inject some levity into this slog.
What is a Pure Substance?
Pure Substances are substances that are made up of only one type of matter.
How many periods are there?
7
What does δ (lowercase delta) mean?
δ refers to a partial charge on an atom. δ+ means a “partial positive charge” and δ- means a “partial negative charge”
What is a Chemical Change?
When something undergoes a change that changes it’s entire identity such that it cannot easily be reversed.
What is an Anion?
A negatively charged particle.
How many Calories in a Joule?
0.239
What is a Coordinate Covalent bond, and how can we guess when one may have occurred without looking at the structure of a compound?
Co-ordinate bond is a type of alternate covalent bond that is formed by sharing of electron pair from a single atom. Both shared electrons are donated by the same atom.
If an atom has more bonds than expected, it probably has a coordinate covalent bond, or metal bonded to O or N.
What are the steps to writing a Lewis Structure if you’re a beta male?
1: Count valence electrons for every atom involved.
2. Then, choose the atom that makes the most bonds, this will be the center (or centers) of the structure. (If the atoms make an equal number of bonds, the element that has more space for more bonds will be the center.)
3. Add the “terminal” atoms to the central atom(s).
4. Add lone pairs to terminals until they have octets.
5. Excess electrons are put on the central atom to form an octet.
6. If central atom has less than an octet, change one lone pair into a bond (creating a double or maybe even triple bond), UNLESS the atom cannot accommodate a full octet. (Like Beryllium)
What is the angle of a Linear bond?
180°
If a Pure Substance can be separated, what is it?
A Compound.
What are the properties of molecular bonds?
1. What do they create?
2. What is the bond called?
3. What is their state at room temperature?
4. Are they brittle?
5. What is their relative melting/boiling point?
6. What structures do they form?
7. Can they conduct electricity?
8. Are they water soluble?
- Creates Molecules
- Covalent Bonds
- Some are solid, gas, or liquid at Room Temperature
- Brittle if they’re cold enough
- Relatively low melting/boiling point
- Crystalline
- Poor conductors of electricity
- Some are water soluble
What is the Density of water?
1.00g/cm3
How many Orbitals does P subshell have, and how many electrons can it hold?
3 Orbitals, 6 Electrons
What is the formula to find the Specific Heat Capacity (C) of a substance?
C = Q / (mΔT)
Verbal answer: “Heat (Q) Divided by mass(m) multiplied by The Initial Temperature minus The Final Temperature(ΔT)”
Define “Non-Polar Bond”
A bond where electrons are shared equally.
Name the two main types of bonds.
Ionic and Molecular.
If something’s Specific Gravity is tested against room temperature water and it floats, what does that mean?
It means that its specific gravity is below 1.00.
Above this value would indicate the something would sink.
In SPDF Configuration, fill as many shells and subshells as possible without looking at the periodic table of elements. I’ll get you started so there’s no confusion about what I’m asking: 1S2, 2S2 …
(1S2 2S2…) 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d10 4P6 5S2 4D10 5P6 6S2 4F14 5D10 6D6 7S2 5F14 6D10 7P6
What is a Monoatomic/Monatomic Ion?
An ion composed of just one atom with no other bonds.
It’s shiny, silvery, soft, conductive, and solid at room temperature, what is it?
A metal
What are the Inner Transition Elements?
The two rows disconnected at the very bottom.
Trail mix, pizza, salad, soil, and iced tea are examples of what?
A Heterogeneous Mixture.
What is a Compound?
Two or more elements that have been combined.
How are ionic bonds formed?
An ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another. The atom losing one or more electrons becomes a cation (a positively charged ion). The atom gaining one or more electron becomes an anion (a negatively charged ion).
S, P, D, and F are shells, or subshells?
Subshells.
When multiplying or dividing, you should…?
Round your answer to the fewest number of sig figs in the original equation.
What is Electron Affinity?
A primal lust for electrons. (The technical definition is a little too complicated and he hasn’t described it this way, but it’s “Electron affinity, in chemistry, is the amount of energy liberated when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negatively charged ion.”)
What is the angle of a Tetrahedral bond?
109.5°
What is the formula for Volume?
Volume = Mass / Density
What is Mass?
The amount of matter in space.
What are Ionic Compounds made of?
A Metal + Nonmetal
What is a Mixture?
Two or more substances combined.
How many Orbitals does D subshell have, and how many electrons can it hold?
5 Orbitals, 10 Electrons
Are zeros between other numbers significant?
Yes.
If a Mixture’s composition isn’t uniform, what is it?
A Heterogeneous Mixture.
When does an ion/molecule end in the suffix of “ate” or “ite”?
“ate” and “ite” are (usually) used for polyatomic ions of Oxygen. (When a compound contains oxygen bonded with something else.)
Can Valence Electrons be spread throughout multiple subshells?
Yea.
What are the Diatomic Elements? (And what is a Diatomic Element?)
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine.
A diatomic element is an element that is never found by itself in nature. It is always bonded to another like atom.
What is an Acid?
Acids are compounds that contain hydrogen and an anion.
Describe Condensed Structure.
Condensed Structure shows the elements and their bonds based on the arrangement in which they are written, and the number of bonds they make.
When does an ion end in the suffix “ide”?
“ide” is used for Group 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A nonmetals.
How many sig figs does an “exact number”/”defined number” have?
Infinite.
What is the angle of a Bent bond?
120°
What is the weight of an Electron?
It’s considered to “basically be 0.00amu”
(~Basically~ like how ~~~basically~~~ sunlight has no mass >:/ )
How many cm in an inch?
2.54cm
How are monatomic ions named?
Name + Ion (For example: “Aluminum ion”)
The Abbreviated atomic notation is X-A, what do these letters mean?
A is the number of Protons and Neutrons. (The number of “Nucleons”)
X is the Element Symbol.
How are molecular bonds formed?
A molecular (or “covalent bond”) is formed when atoms bond by sharing pairs of electrons.
What is the weight of a Proton?
1.00amu
What is the difference between SPDF Configuration and Ground State Configuration?
SPDF Configuration is determined by placement on the periodic table of elements, and Ground State Configuration is determined by stability.
When writing out an ionic compound, what are the main rules you MUST follow?
- The Cation needs to be first.
- The charges must add up to 0. (The compound must be neutral.)
- Use the simplest ratio of ions.
- Don’t show the charge of the ions; they are implied.
When would you need to use Roman Numerals when naming ions?
When naming an ion from the B groups (Transition metals)
Except for Silver and Zinc.
What is Volume?
The amount of space occupied.
What is a Valence Electron?
Electrons in unfilled shells.
What is the heat capacity of water?
1cal/g°C
( It’s also 4.186 J/g°C but you don’t need to memorize that. )
What is Matter?
Anything with Volume and Mass.
It’s not shiny or silvery, it’s brittle if it’s solid, but most of them are gas at room temp, what is it?
Nonmetal
What is a Polyatomic Ion?
A set of two or more bonded atoms.
What is the formula to find the Atomic Weight of an atom?
Atomic Weight = (mass of 1st isotope) x (% abundance of 1st isotope / 100) + (mass of 2nd isotope) x (% abundance of 2nd isotope / 100)
What is the formula for calculating Specific Gravity?
Substance Density / Density of Water (1.00g/cm3)
When measuring a fluid, what is the name of the distortion when viewing the glass from the side?
The Meniscus.
What is the weight of a Neutron?
1.00amu
Is an Element a Pure Substance?
Yes.
What is Electronegativity?
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself. (How sexy an atom is to an electron.)
If a Pure Substance cannot be separated, what is it?
An Element.
What is the formula for Density?
Density = Mass / Volume
How does one convert a temperature from Celsius to Kelvin?
Add 273 to the Celsius value.
Kelvin = °C + 273
What does Δ (Delta) mean?
Change.
It might be shiny, it’s sometimes brittle, semi-conductive and solid at room temp, what is it?
A Metalloid
What are molecular bonds called?
Covalent bonds and Coordinate Covalent bonds.
What is the formula for Mass?
Mass = Density x Volume
Which elements can have an expanded octet, and why?
Elements in the 3rd period and onward. This is because these elements have an available D subshell, and later an F subshell.)
What is the Octet rule?
Every element wants to obtain 8 valence electrons in their valence shell in order to be stable like the noble gases, which themselves have 8 valence electrons.
When the school burns down, has it undergone a chemical or physical change?
A chemical change.
Convert 1amu to gram.
1.661x10^-24g (Verbal answer: “One point six six one multiplied by ten to the negative twenty fourth power grams.”)
How do you determine whether the compound in an ionic or molecular compound?
Rookie answer: Ionic compounds contain a metal, molecular compounds (usually) don’t.
Pro answer: You can determine what the compound is based on it’s electronegativity, regardless of elements involved.
In order, what groups of elements are found in 1A, 2A, 7A and 8A?
Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Halogens, and Noble Gases
Air, sea water, coffee, blood, and wine are examples of what?
A Homogeneous Mixture.
Describe what a Lewis Structure tells you.
Lewis structure is a way to visualize all atoms, electrons, and bonds.
What is a Physical Change?
When something undergoes a physical change but maintains it’s identity in a way that can sometimes be reversed.
What is a Cation?
A positively charged particle.
Which elements can’t accommodate 8 valence electrons?
Elements in 1A, 2A, and (usually) 3A.
How many Orbitals does F subshell have, and how many electrons can it hold?
7 Orbitals, 14 Electrons
What is the angle of a Trigonal bond?
120°
What is the formula to find the approximate mass (m) in a Specific Heat formula?
m = Q / (CΔT)
Verbal answer: “Heat (Q) divided by The Specific Heat Capacity(C) multiplied by The Final Temperature minus The Initial Temperature(ΔT)”
Describe what Structural Formula tells you.
Structural formula visualizes the arrangement of atoms and their bonds.
How does one convert a temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit?
Celsius x 1.8 + 32
If the difference between two bonded atoms is below 0.4, what is it’s bond?
Nonpolar Covalent.
If the difference between two bonded atoms is above 2.0, what is it’s bond?
Ionic.
If the difference between two bonded atoms is between 0.4 and 2.0, what is it’s bond?
Polar Covalent.
Why is knowing the polarity of a bond important?
It’s important because it “helps us predict the behavior of the molecules.”
What is Net Polarity?
The overall polarity of a molecule.
What do we use this silly thing for?: +——->
A polar arrow is used to indicate the direction of the atom with the greater electronegativity.
What is a “Dipole moment”?
Dipole moments arise from differences in electronegativity. The larger the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole moment.
