General Ch. 6: Proteins Flashcards
What element do proteins have that distinguishes them from carbs and lipids?
Nitrogen
What are peptides?
Fewer than 50 amino acids joined by peptide bonds
What do multiple polypeptides combine to form?
Proteins
What is the process by which proteins are constantly made and broken down, releasing amino acids into pool or using them for protein synthesis?
Protein turnover
What is protein synthesis regulated by?
Genes
What blood disorder involves abnormal or flawed protein formation?
Sick-cell anemia
What are the three steps of protein synthesis?
-Transcription
-Translation
-Elongation
What happens when the amino acid pool reaches capacity?
Amino acids are broken down to their component parts for other uses
What is the process of forming nonessential amino acids by transferring the nitrogen from one amino acid to a keto acid to form a new nonessential amino acid?
Transanimation
Which type of nitrogen balance involves the body retaining more nitrogen than it excretes?
Positive nitrogen balance
Which type of nitrogen balance involves the body excreting more than its taking in?
Negative nitrogen balance
Which type of nitrogen balance is seen in pregnant women, growing children/adolescents, and some athletes?
Positive nitrogen balance
Which type of nitrogen balance is seen post-surgery, during medical trauma, while fighting an infection, or while healing?
Negative nitrogen balance
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 g/kcal daily for adults over 18
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-35% of total daily kcals
Which type of proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids, are from animal sources, and are high-quality?
Complete proteins
Which type of proteins are low in 1+ essential amino acids, are from plant sources, and are low-quality?
Incomplete proteins
Which type of proteins are formed from combining an incomplete protein with a food that supplies the lacking amino acids?
Complementary proteins
Which animal protein is INCOMPLETE?
Gelatin
Which 2 plant proteins are COMPLETE?
Quinoa and Soy
What causes Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)?
Eating too little protein
What is PEM?
Protein Energy Malnutrition:
-Protein is used for energy rather than its other functions
-More prevalent in infants/children
What type of vegetarian includes dairy foods?
Lacto-vegetarian
What type of vegetarian includes dairy and eggs
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
What type of vegetarian includes eggs?
Ovo-vegetarian
What type of vegetarian includes NO animal products whatsoever?
Vegan
What type of vegetarian includes fish?
Pescetarian
What type of vegetarian occasionally includes meats, fish, and poultry?
Semivegetarian
What type of supplement may be necessary for vegetarians to take?
Vitamins/Minerals
