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CH10088 Biological Chemistry > General Biological Chemistry - Johnathan Cox > Flashcards

General Biological Chemistry - Johnathan Cox Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Lewis structure?

A

All atoms are shown, as well as all covalent bonds

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2
Q

What are reduced structures?

A

All carbons omitted, hydrogens attached to Carbon omitted, hydrogens attached to heteroatoms left in

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3
Q

What is a heteroatom?

A

A non carbon/hydrogen atom

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4
Q

What do curly arrows indicate?

A

Movement of the least stable pair of electrons

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5
Q

What is resonance shown by?

A

A double headed arrow, not in equilibrium

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6
Q

How can a species’ stability be indicated by resonance?

A

The more resonance structures that a species has, the more stable it is

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7
Q

What can resonance be described as?

A

The delocalisation or ‘spreading’ of charge

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8
Q

What is a resonance hybrid?

A

Shows possible resonance structures with a dashed line

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9
Q

What is tautomerism?

A

The movement of one or ore double bonds and a small atom, usually hydrogen but could also be fluorine

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10
Q

What is an example of tautomerism?

A

The changing of adenine from amino form to imino form

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11
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Alternation of single and double bonds, to form a ‘partial’ double bond

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12
Q

What can conjugation be described as?

A

Net stabilisation of the system

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13
Q

What is the relationship between the change in energy and wavelength in conjugation?

A

As the change in energy gets smaller, the wavelength gets larger

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14
Q

When does the wavelength of light emitted by conjugated compounds reach the visible spectrum?

A

When there are 8 or more conjugated double bonds

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15
Q

What is the change in energy in conjugation created by?

A

Movement of electrons from the ground state bonding orbital to the antibonding orbital

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16
Q

As conjugation increases, what happens to energy change and wavelength?

A

Energy change decreases, wavelength increases

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17
Q

What is the name of the molecule which gives lobsters their colour?

A

Astaxanthin

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18
Q

How many conjugated double bonds does astaxanthin have?

A

13

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19
Q

What does astaxanthin form a complex with?

A

Crustacyanin

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20
Q

Why do lobsters change from slate blue to red?

A

Astaxanthin and crustacyanin form a twisted complex, and when denatured, the crustacyanin leaves the complex

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21
Q

What are some of the importances of acids/bases?

A

Proteins, enzymes, DNA (gel electrophoresis), biological interactions

22
Q

What is a Bronsted acid?

A

Proton donor

23
Q

What is a Bronsted base?

A

Proton acceptor

24
Q

What kind of pKa do strong acids have?

A

Low

25
Q

What kind of Ka do strong acids have?

A

High

26
Q

Which side of an equilibrium is favoured, in terms of pKa?

A

The side with the weaker acid, so higher pKa

27
Q

What is the equation for Ka?

A

[A-][H3O+] / [HA]

28
Q

How can Keq be calculated?

A

log(Keq) = pKa(RHS) - pKa(LHS)

29
Q

What factors affect acid strength?

A

H-A bond strength, stability of A-, inductive effect

30
Q

How does H-A bond strength affect acid strength?

A

If the bond is weak, then the acid is strong as it will dissociate easily

31
Q

How does stability of A- affect acid strength?

A

If it is stable, then the acid is strong as it will stay dissociated

32
Q

How does inductive effect affect acid strength?

A

Non electron donating groups eg Methyl, can destabilise a negatively charged atom

33
Q

What is the Henderson Hasselbalch equation?

A

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

34
Q

What is the pH when [A-] and [HA] are equal?

A

The pKa value

35
Q

What is a Lewis base?

A

A lone pair donor

36
Q

What is a Lewis acid?

A

A lone pair acceptor

37
Q

HA + H2O –>

A

A- + H3O+

38
Q

HB+ + H2O –>

A

B: + H3O+

39
Q

The more available the lone pair…

A

…the stronger the base

40
Q

The more stable the B-H+…

A

…the stronger the base

41
Q

What changes between Oxygen to Nitrogen?

A

Increasing basicity

Decreasing electronegativity

42
Q

What is the availability of the lone pair governed by?

A

Electronegativity of the atom with the lone pair
Delocalisation of the lone pair
Inductive effects

43
Q

If +B-H has a high pKa, how strong is it?

A

Strong

44
Q

What is the barrier to rotation?

A

The difference in energy between two conformers

45
Q

Which conformer is more energetically favoured?

A

Staggered

46
Q

Which conformer is the highest energy conformation?

A

Eclipsed

47
Q

Why is staggered conformation more energetically favoured?

A

Due to electron repulsion

48
Q

Why are hydrocarbon chains drawn as zig zags?

A

Due to staggered confromations

49
Q

Why is a chair conformation more stable than boat?

A

Because it is staggered

50
Q

What can cyclopentane exist as?

A

An envelope conformation

CH10088 Biological Chemistry (2 decks)

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