Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro pharmacology > General Anesthetics > Flashcards

General Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three phases of general anesthesia?

A

Induction, maintenance and recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which drugs are administered to a patient during the induction phase?

A

Anxiolytic, opiod, general anesthetic and muscle relaxant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which drugs are administered to a patient during the maintenance phase?

A

Opioid + general anesthetic/muscular relaxant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which general anesthetics do not potentiate the action of GABA at GABA A receptors

A

Cyclopropane, ketamine and xenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the GABA A receptors?

A

ligand gated CL- channels made up of five subunits generally compromising two alpha two beta and one gamma or delta subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Specific mutations of the alpha subunit of the GABA A receptor do what?

A

inhibit volatile but not IV anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Specific mutations of the beta subunit of the GABA A receptor do what?

A

Inhibit both volatile and IV anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Volatile anesthetics may bind where?

A

Between the alpha and beta subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

IV anesthetics bind where?

A

Only on the beta subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some functions of potassium channels?

A

Regulation of cell excitability, cell volume, cell growth, proliferation, and even cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the K2P channels?

A

They are a diverse family of K+ selective ion channels that contribute to background or leak current in excitable and non excitable tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

K2P channels do what?

A

They control the negative resting potential of eukaryotic cells and regulate cell excitability by conducting K+ ions across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which K2P channels are expressed in the dorsal root ganglion neurons?

A

K2P2 family name is TREK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some physiological roles of the K2P2 channels?

A

Involved in depression, ischemia, nociception, myelinated axons, general anesthesia, ventricular tachycardia, cardiac fibrosis, migraine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

K2P4 channels are highly expressed where?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some physiological and /or pathological roles of the K2P4 channels?

A

Myelinated axons, post surgical neuropathic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

To which family does the K2P5 channel belong to?

A

TALK family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The K2P5 channels are highly expressed where?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some physiological and/or pathophysiological roles of the K2P5 channels?

A

Renal volume control, migraine, Balkan endemic nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

To which family do the K2P9 channels belong to?

A

TASK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some physiological and/or pathophysiological roles of the K2K9 channels?

A

aldosterone secretion, respiratory stimulation, cancer, BBMRS, inflammation, pain, general anesthesia, sleep duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

To what family do the K2P18 channels belong to?

A

TRESK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the K2P18 channels highly expressed?

A

C-fibers of the dorsal root ganglion and the TRG (trigéminal ganglion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some physiological and/or pathophysiological roles of the K2P18 channels?

A

Migraine and nociception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

K2P channels have …

A

2 subunits each with four helical transmembrane domains (TM1-TM4), two pore forming loops (P1-P2) and a large intracellular region which apart from the TRESK channels forms the C terminus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The subunits of the K2P channels dimerize to…

A

create a selectivity filter containing four pore-loop domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In addition to forming homodimers, there is strong evidence that the K2P channels form what?

A

heterodimers both within families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which K2P channels are activated by volatile general anesthetics at clinically relevant concentrations with halothane being the most effective?

A

TREK-1, TREK-2, TASK-1, TASK-3, and TRESK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which K2P channels are activated by gaseous anesthetic agents such as NO, cyclopropane, and xenon

A

TREK and TRESK channels

30
Q

Certain K2P channels are regarded as molecular entities underlying what?

A

The leak K channels responsible for anesthetic-evoked membrane hyperpolarization in various neurons

31
Q

What is one defining characteristic of the THIK channels?

A

they are inhibited by halothane

32
Q

The TASK-1 channel is activated by?

A

Halothane

33
Q

The TASK-1 channel is inhibited by what has at high concentrations?

A

Isoflurane

34
Q

Which gases activate the TREK-1 channel?

A

Halothane, isoflurane, chloroform, NO and xenon

35
Q

Which gases activate the TREK-2 channel?

A

Halothane, Isoflurane, chloroform

36
Q

Which gases activate the TASK-3 channels?

A

Halothane, Isoflurane

37
Q

Which gases activate the TRESK channel?

A

Halothane, Isoflurane, chloroform, NO

38
Q

The DRG neurons compromise a heterologous population of…

A

primary afferent, somatosensory, and nociceptive neurons

39
Q

K2P channels appear to be important in the..

A

mitigation of inflammatory pain

40
Q

Genetic analysis of the KCNK18, the genetic hay encodes for the K2P18 channel, identified several mutations some of which were associated with..

A

Migraine

41
Q

The K2P18 channels mediate the largest component of the…

A

background K+ current in dorsal root ganglion neurons

42
Q

The K2P18 channels are associated with…

A

Significantly decreased thresholds for withstanding mechanical pain (allodynia), activation of astrocytes and microglia, and up regulation of connection-36 and connexin-43, components of neuronal and astrocyte-oligodendrocyte gap junctions respectively.

43
Q

Changes in the activity of other K2P channels are also involved in the pathology of what?

A

Nerve injury

44
Q

Which channels decrease the thermal sensitivity of the dorsal root ganglion neurons?

A

K2P2, K2P4, K2P10

45
Q

glutamate is a…

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter

46
Q

Glutamate activates which receptors?

A

AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors

47
Q

The NMDA receptor is an important site for…

A

NO, Xenon, and ketamine

48
Q

Which gas inhibits the NMDA receptor by competing with glycine?

A

Xenon

49
Q

Ketamine blocks the pore of the…

A

NMDA channel

50
Q

Increasing the levels of the general anesthetics leads to…

A

Decreased motor, reflex, respiratory, and thermoregulation

51
Q

If there are high concentrations of the general anesthetic in the absence of artificial respiration it can lead to…

A

Death from respiratory failure

52
Q

What are the effects of Isoflurane and other halogenated gases on the sympathetic system?

A

They decrease it which leads to a decrease in venous and arterial tone which leads to a decrease in venous and arterial pressure

53
Q

What is the effect of nitrous oxide and ketamine on the sympathetic system?

A

increase sympathetic and plasma noradrenaline which leads to an increased heart rate and helps to maintain the blood pressure

54
Q

What is the effect of halothane ?

A

Induce ventricular extra systoles and will increase sensitization to adrenaline

55
Q

Halothane doesn’t cause any harm except if…

A

catecholamine secretion is excessive (pheochromocytoma) this will lead to an increase in ventricular fibrillation

56
Q

All general anesthetics depress respiration and increase the arterial PCO2 except which gases?

A

NO, ketamine, and xenon

57
Q

Desflurane induces a

A

Cough reflex in the patient

58
Q

Desflurane is indicated only for which phase?

A

The maintenance phase

59
Q

Propofol can be used as a what?

A

Continuous infusion

60
Q

Which IV analgesic produces excitatory effects during induction and recovery as well as adrenocortical suppression?

A

Etomidate

61
Q

Which IV analgesic produces postoperative nausea, vomiting, salivation, as well as raised intracranial pressure?

A

Ketamine

62
Q

Which two IV anesthetics produce little respiratory depression?

A

Ketamine and midazolam

63
Q

Which IV anesthetic produces little cardiac depression?

A

Midazolam

64
Q

Is thiopental used in the induction phase?

A

Yes

It is never used in the maintenance phase

65
Q

What is one effect of etomidate?

A

suppresses production of Adrenal steroids: increase in mortality in severely ill patients

66
Q

Etomidate should be avoided in what type of patients?

A

At risk of having adrenal insufficiency

67
Q

It is preferable to use thiopental in which type of patients?

A

Patients at risk of circulatory failure

68
Q

What are some general characteristics of inhaled anesthetics?

A

Decreased cerebrovascular resistance and increased brain perfusion, bronchodilation, there is solubility in blood and in the tissues

69
Q

Minimum alveolar concentration is small for what?

A

Potent anesthetics such as Isoflurane

70
Q

Minimum alveolar concentration is large for?

A

Less potent agents such as nitrous oxide

71
Q

The more lipid soluble a anesthetic is means that…

A

Less concentration is needed for them to produce an anesthetic effect (higher potency)

72
Q

Minimum alveolar concentration equals what?

A

Potency

Neuro pharmacology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions