General Anesthesia

Question 1

General anesthesia components

Answer 1

hypnosis, areflexia, amnesia, analgesia, +/- muscle relaxation

Question 2

Unconsciousness

Answer 2

propofol, volatile anesthetics

Question 3

amnesia

Answer 3

midazolam, propofol, volatile anesthetics not so much

Question 4

analgesia

Answer 4

fentanyl, NO

Question 5

Immobility

Answer 5

volatile inhaled anesthetics, succinylcholine, rocuronium

Question 6

Respiratory depression and airway obstruction

Answer 6

Propofol, inhaled anesthetics, Fentanyl

Question 7

Seizure activity

Answer 7

The use of some anesthetics is discouraged in patients with epilepsy (ex: Etomidate, Enflurane, Sevoflurane

Question 8

CV instability

Answer 8

general anesthetics such as Propofol and volatile inhaled anesthetics, spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia)
Most anesthetics are vasodilators

Question 9

Common Emergency Drugs

Answer 9

Oxygen, Ephedrine (raise BP), Phenylephrine (raise BP), Atropine (raise HR), Lidocaine

Question 10

Ephedrine

Answer 10

Clinical use – increase BP and HR
Correcting for side effects – titrate carefully, increases BP/HR/arrhythmias

Question 11

Phenylephrine

Answer 11

Clinical use – increase BP
Clearance – MAO and hepatic metabolism
Correcting for side effects – titrate carefully, increases BP/decreases HR

Question 12

Atropine

Answer 12

Clinical uses – increase HR and BP
Correcting for side effects – psychosis with OD, paradoxical bradycardia with underdose

Question 13

Lidocaine

Answer 13

Clinical uses – local anesthetic, reverse arrhythmias (PVCs)
Clearance – redistribution (to muscle/fat), hepatic metabolism
Correcting for side effects – reverse systemic toxicity, seizures

Question 14

Common Pre-Induction Drugs

Answer 14

Lidocaine (SQ before IV), Midazolam, Fentanyl, Antibiotic

Question 15

Midazolam

Answer 15

Clinical uses – sedative/hypnotic, reversal of anxiety, amnestic

Question 16

benzodiazepine antagonist, antidote for Midazolam OD
Fentanyl

Answer 16

Flumazenil

Question 17

Fentanyl

Answer 17

opioid agonist
Clinical uses – analgesia (pain relief), anesthetic agent

Question 18

opioid antagonist

Answer 18

Naloxone

Question 19

Common Drugs for Induction of Anesthesia

Answer 19

Oxygen, Propofol, Succinylcholine

Question 20

Propofol

Answer 20

Clinical use – rapid IV induction of anesthesia

Question 21

Succinylcholine

Answer 21

Classification – depolarizing (non-competitive) NMJ blocker
Clinical use – rapid muscle relaxation for intubation

Question 22

Common Drugs for Maintenance of Anesthesia

Answer 22

Oxygen, inhalational anesthetics (NO/Isoflurane/Sevoflurane/Desflurane), Fentanyl, Vecuronium

Question 23

Inhalational anesthetics

Answer 23

Classification – NO and volatile inhaled anesthetics (Iso/Des/Sevo)
Clinical use – maintenance of anesthesia after induction

Question 24

Vecurononium

Answer 24

Classification – competitive (non-depolarizing) NMJ blocker
Clinical use – muscle relaxation

Question 25

Common Drugs for Emergence from Anesthesia

Answer 25

Oxygen, Neostigmine, Glycopyrrolate, Ketorolac, Morphine

Question 26

Neostigmine

Answer 26

Clinical use – reversal of NMJ blockade

Question 27

Ketorolac

Answer 27

Classification – NSAID
Clinical use – analgesic (IV or IM)

Question 28

Morphine

Answer 28

Classification – opioid agonist
Clinical use – analgesia