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Microbiology Final > General and immune response > Flashcards

General and immune response Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

Mitochondria & chloroplasts were ____

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own _______ _______

A

Circular genome

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3
Q

How do mit. and chloro. behave and what features do they have?

A

Like endosymbiotic organisms–
- have their own double membrane
- own circular genome
- reproduce independently to the cell
- have lost many functions to host

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4
Q

Chloroplasts are similar to ________ and how?

A

Cyanobacterium: similar photosynthesis components are similar as well as rRNA

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5
Q

Mitochondria are similar to________ group and how?

A

Rickettsia (alpha-proteobacterium): electron transport components and rRNA similarities

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6
Q

Gram positive bacteria have what 2 characteristics?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
The teichoic acids

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7
Q

Gram positive endospore formers

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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8
Q

Gram positive wall-less forms

A

Mycoplasmas

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9
Q

Gram positive acid fast

A

Mycobacteria and relatives

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10
Q

Low GC gram-pos bacteria are called ______ and include which classes?

A

Called firmicutes
- Bacilli
- Clostridia
- wall-less (Tenericutes/ Mollicutes)

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11
Q

High GC gram-pos bacteria include which 2 common classes?

A

Escherichia and Pseudomonas (gamma)

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12
Q

Gram-pos endospores are ______ resistant

A

Extremely heat

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13
Q

Toxin-forming gram-pos endospores (class and toxin)

A

Clostridium: Tetanus, botox, gangrene)
Bacillus: (anthrax, B. thuringiensis [biological insecticide])

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14
Q

4 benefits commensal flora provide to human host

A

1) makes vitamins
2) digests food
3) prevents colonization by pathogens (antagonism)
4) modulates immune response

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15
Q

Opportunistic pathogens use _____ breach to enter the body

A

surface

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16
Q

2 organisms that target immunocompromised hosts

A

Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic gas gangrene)
Clostridium difficile

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17
Q

4 physical innate host defenses

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Lacrimal apparatus (tears wash eyes)
2) Saliva (washes microbes off)
3) Urine (flows out microbes waterslide style)
4) Vaginal secretions (stickier, less fast waterslide)

18
Q

Chemical innate host defenses (4 with area)

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Low pH: stomach, skin, vagina
2) Lysozyme: tears, perspiration, saliva, tissue fluids (destroys peptidoglycan)
3) Antimicrobial peptides (destroy microbial plasma membrane)

19
Q

Two classes of antimicrobial peptides and examples

Study These Flashcards
A

Defensins: neutrophils, intestinal cells
Cathelicidins: neutrophils

20
Q

Antigen- presenting cells (APCs)

Study These Flashcards
A

a heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells

21
Q

Dendrites serve as what?

Study These Flashcards
A

Antigen-presenting cells

22
Q

______ are present in ____ body tissues and are the most likely to do what?

Study These Flashcards
A

Macrophages
most
most likely to make first contact with invading pathogens

23
Q

Lymphoid organs

Study These Flashcards
A

Tissues of the immune system where majority of lymphocytes are found (primary or secondary depending on function)

24
Q

Primary lymphoid organs (function and organ names- 2)

Study These Flashcards
A

Where lymphocytes mature
B-cells: Bone marrow
T-cells: Thymus

25
Secondary lymphoid organs (function and 2 examples)
Where lymphocytes encounter antigens Spleen and lymph nodes
26
Inflammation
Defensive response triggered by a damage to body's tissue
27
4 signs of inflammation
1) redness 2) heat 3) pain 4) swelling (edema)
28
3 functions of inflammation
1) destroy the injurious agent 2) limit the effect if destruction is not possible 3) repair or replace tissue damage
29
Microbes have unique structures that immediately tag them as foreign. What are they called?
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)
30
How can MAMPs be recognized?
Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types
31
How can MAMPs be recognized? (general and specific names- 3 total)
2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types
32
How can MAMPs be recognized? (general and specific names- 3 total)
2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types "burglar alarm system" activates upon encountering an invader
33
Interferons (definition and function)
Low-molecular-weight cytokines Action is host specific NOT virus specific
34
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency IFN-alpha, beta, and omega 1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection 2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation Type2: IFN-gamma Has immunomodulatory funcion by activating adaptive immune responses
35
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency IFN-alpha, beta, and omega 1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection 2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation Type2: IFN-gamma Has immunomodulatory funcion by activating adaptive immune responses
36
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency IFN-alpha, beta, and omega 1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection 2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation Type2: IFN-gamma Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
37
Phagocytosis
38
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency IFN-alpha, beta, and omega 1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection 2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation Type2: IFN-gamma Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
39
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency IFN-alpha, beta, and omega 1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection 2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation Type2: IFN-gamma Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
40
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency IFN-alpha, beta, and omega 1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection 2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation Type 2: IFN-gamma Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses

Microbiology Final (2 decks)

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