General and immune response Flashcards
Mitochondria & chloroplasts were ____
Bacteria
Mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own _______ _______
Circular genome
How do mit. and chloro. behave and what features do they have?
Like endosymbiotic organisms–
- have their own double membrane
- own circular genome
- reproduce independently to the cell
- have lost many functions to host
Chloroplasts are similar to ________ and how?
Cyanobacterium: similar photosynthesis components are similar as well as rRNA
Mitochondria are similar to________ group and how?
Rickettsia (alpha-proteobacterium): electron transport components and rRNA similarities
Gram positive bacteria have what 2 characteristics?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
The teichoic acids
Gram positive endospore formers
Bacillus and Clostridium
Gram positive wall-less forms
Mycoplasmas
Gram positive acid fast
Mycobacteria and relatives
Low GC gram-pos bacteria are called ______ and include which classes?
Called firmicutes
- Bacilli
- Clostridia
- wall-less (Tenericutes/ Mollicutes)
High GC gram-pos bacteria include which 2 common classes?
Escherichia and Pseudomonas (gamma)
Gram-pos endospores are ______ resistant
Extremely heat
Toxin-forming gram-pos endospores (class and toxin)
Clostridium: Tetanus, botox, gangrene)
Bacillus: (anthrax, B. thuringiensis [biological insecticide])
4 benefits commensal flora provide to human host
1) makes vitamins
2) digests food
3) prevents colonization by pathogens (antagonism)
4) modulates immune response
Opportunistic pathogens use _____ breach to enter the body
surface
2 organisms that target immunocompromised hosts
Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic gas gangrene)
Clostridium difficile
4 physical innate host defenses
1) Lacrimal apparatus (tears wash eyes)
2) Saliva (washes microbes off)
3) Urine (flows out microbes waterslide style)
4) Vaginal secretions (stickier, less fast waterslide)
Chemical innate host defenses (4 with area)
1) Low pH: stomach, skin, vagina
2) Lysozyme: tears, perspiration, saliva, tissue fluids (destroys peptidoglycan)
3) Antimicrobial peptides (destroy microbial plasma membrane)
Two classes of antimicrobial peptides and examples
Defensins: neutrophils, intestinal cells
Cathelicidins: neutrophils
Antigen- presenting cells (APCs)
a heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells
Dendrites serve as what?
Antigen-presenting cells
______ are present in ____ body tissues and are the most likely to do what?
Macrophages
most
most likely to make first contact with invading pathogens
Lymphoid organs
Tissues of the immune system where majority of lymphocytes are found (primary or secondary depending on function)
Primary lymphoid organs (function and organ names- 2)
Where lymphocytes mature
B-cells: Bone marrow
T-cells: Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs (function and 2 examples)
Where lymphocytes encounter antigens
Spleen and lymph nodes
Inflammation
Defensive response triggered by a damage to body’s tissue
4 signs of inflammation
1) redness
2) heat
3) pain
4) swelling (edema)
3 functions of inflammation
1) destroy the injurious agent
2) limit the effect if destruction is not possible
3) repair or replace tissue damage
Microbes have unique structures that immediately tag them as foreign. What are they called?
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)
How can MAMPs be recognized?
Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types
How can MAMPs be recognized?
(general and specific names- 3 total)
2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types
How can MAMPs be recognized?
(general and specific names- 3 total)
2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types
“burglar alarm system” activates upon encountering an invader
Interferons (definition and function)
Low-molecular-weight cytokines
Action is host specific NOT virus specific
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation
Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory funcion by activating adaptive immune responses
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation
Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory funcion by activating adaptive immune responses
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation
Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
Phagocytosis
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation
Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation
Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
Two general types of interferons
Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation
Type 2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses
