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Microbiology Final > General and immune response > Flashcards

General and immune response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitochondria & chloroplasts were ____

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own _______ _______

A

Circular genome

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3
Q

How do mit. and chloro. behave and what features do they have?

A

Like endosymbiotic organisms–
- have their own double membrane
- own circular genome
- reproduce independently to the cell
- have lost many functions to host

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4
Q

Chloroplasts are similar to ________ and how?

A

Cyanobacterium: similar photosynthesis components are similar as well as rRNA

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5
Q

Mitochondria are similar to________ group and how?

A

Rickettsia (alpha-proteobacterium): electron transport components and rRNA similarities

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6
Q

Gram positive bacteria have what 2 characteristics?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
The teichoic acids

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7
Q

Gram positive endospore formers

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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8
Q

Gram positive wall-less forms

A

Mycoplasmas

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9
Q

Gram positive acid fast

A

Mycobacteria and relatives

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10
Q

Low GC gram-pos bacteria are called ______ and include which classes?

A

Called firmicutes
- Bacilli
- Clostridia
- wall-less (Tenericutes/ Mollicutes)

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11
Q

High GC gram-pos bacteria include which 2 common classes?

A

Escherichia and Pseudomonas (gamma)

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12
Q

Gram-pos endospores are ______ resistant

A

Extremely heat

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13
Q

Toxin-forming gram-pos endospores (class and toxin)

A

Clostridium: Tetanus, botox, gangrene)
Bacillus: (anthrax, B. thuringiensis [biological insecticide])

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14
Q

4 benefits commensal flora provide to human host

A

1) makes vitamins
2) digests food
3) prevents colonization by pathogens (antagonism)
4) modulates immune response

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15
Q

Opportunistic pathogens use _____ breach to enter the body

A

surface

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16
Q

2 organisms that target immunocompromised hosts

A

Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic gas gangrene)
Clostridium difficile

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17
Q

4 physical innate host defenses

A

1) Lacrimal apparatus (tears wash eyes)
2) Saliva (washes microbes off)
3) Urine (flows out microbes waterslide style)
4) Vaginal secretions (stickier, less fast waterslide)

18
Q

Chemical innate host defenses (4 with area)

A

1) Low pH: stomach, skin, vagina
2) Lysozyme: tears, perspiration, saliva, tissue fluids (destroys peptidoglycan)
3) Antimicrobial peptides (destroy microbial plasma membrane)

19
Q

Two classes of antimicrobial peptides and examples

A

Defensins: neutrophils, intestinal cells
Cathelicidins: neutrophils

20
Q

Antigen- presenting cells (APCs)

A

a heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells

21
Q

Dendrites serve as what?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

22
Q

______ are present in ____ body tissues and are the most likely to do what?

A

Macrophages
most
most likely to make first contact with invading pathogens

23
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Tissues of the immune system where majority of lymphocytes are found (primary or secondary depending on function)

24
Q

Primary lymphoid organs (function and organ names- 2)

A

Where lymphocytes mature
B-cells: Bone marrow
T-cells: Thymus

25
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs (function and 2 examples)

A

Where lymphocytes encounter antigens
Spleen and lymph nodes

26
Q

Inflammation

A

Defensive response triggered by a damage to body’s tissue

27
Q

4 signs of inflammation

A

1) redness
2) heat
3) pain
4) swelling (edema)

28
Q

3 functions of inflammation

A

1) destroy the injurious agent
2) limit the effect if destruction is not possible
3) repair or replace tissue damage

29
Q

Microbes have unique structures that immediately tag them as foreign. What are they called?

A

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)

30
Q

How can MAMPs be recognized?

A

Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types

31
Q

How can MAMPs be recognized?
(general and specific names- 3 total)

A

2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types

32
Q

How can MAMPs be recognized?
(general and specific names- 3 total)

A

2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Toll-like or NOD-like receptors (TLRs or NLRs) present on or in various host cell types

“burglar alarm system” activates upon encountering an invader

33
Q

Interferons (definition and function)

A

Low-molecular-weight cytokines
Action is host specific NOT virus specific

34
Q

Two general types of interferons

A

Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation

Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory funcion by activating adaptive immune responses

35
Q

Two general types of interferons

A

Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation

Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory funcion by activating adaptive immune responses

36
Q

Two general types of interferons

A

Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1)Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation

Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses

37
Q

Phagocytosis

A
38
Q

Two general types of interferons

A

Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation

Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses

39
Q

Two general types of interferons

A

Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation

Type2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses

40
Q

Two general types of interferons

A

Type 1: high antiviral potency
IFN-alpha, beta, and omega
1) Bind to receptors on uninfected host cell to make them resistant to viral infection
2) induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes that include cleaving dsRNA and blocking viral RNA translation

Type 2: IFN-gamma
Has immunomodulatory function by activating adaptive immune responses

Microbiology Final (2 decks)

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