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Neuroanatomy > General anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

General anatomy of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • has 4 major lobes ( frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes)
  • lobar surface is heavily folded forming sulci (valleys) and gyri (ridges)
  • Primary (major) sulci are more invariant in their appearance than the secondary (minor sulci)
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2
Q

Central sulcus

A

-divides frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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3
Q

Precentral gyrus

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • part of the frontal lobe
  • homunculus represents the different parts of the body
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4
Q

Post-central gyrus

A
  • part of the parietal lobe

- the primary somatosensory cortex with a similar homunculus representation

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5
Q

Lateral sulcus

A
  • Sylvian fissure

- divides frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

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6
Q

Insula

A
  • a structure sometimes regarded as the 5th lobe of the cerebrum
  • located deep in the Sylvian fissure
  • where primary gustatory cortex is found
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7
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A
  • in between the superior and inferior frontal sulci is the middle frontal gyrus and this has the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in it
  • executive functions of the human brain
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8
Q

Cingulate sulcus

A
  • on the medial side of the frontal lobe

- the anterior portion of the adjoining cingulate gyrus is considered to be the seat of motivation

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9
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • olfactory and orbital sulci are on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe
  • the orbitofrontal cortex is often considered to be the seat of associative learning and decision-making
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10
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

-is in the superior temporal sulcus ( in lateral sulcus)

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11
Q

Inferior parietal lobe

A
  • made of the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus
  • is considered to be important for visuospatial attention
  • interparietal sulcus separates suiperior and inferior parietal lobes
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12
Q

Primary visual (striate) cortex

A

-in the calcarine sulcus in the medial occipital cortex

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13
Q

Left temporal cortex

A

language comprehension

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14
Q

Right hemisphere

A

language prosody (tonal modulation of speech)

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15
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A
  • hemisphere contralateral to the dominant hand is the dominant hemisphere
  • mediates language and speech functions
  • dominance can be tested using Annette’s handedness scale or Edinburgh handedness inventory
  • handedness is not always same as dominance
  • in 10% right handed people, the right hemisphere is dominant
  • left-handed people only 20% are right hemisphere dominant, 64% are left hemisphere dominant and 16% show bilateral dominance
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16
Q

Planum temporale

A
  • triangular region in the upper surface of the superior temporal gyrus
  • important for language learning
  • larger on the left than the right hemisphere in 65% brains
  • it can be very asymmetrical
  • reduced or reversed asymmetry in schizophrenia
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17
Q

Left Hemisphere Lesion

A
  • aphasia
  • right-left disorientation
  • finger agnosia
  • dysgraphia (aphasic)
  • dyscalculia (number alexia)
  • limb apraxia
  • facial recognition
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18
Q

Right Hemisphere lesions

A
  • visuospatial deficits
  • anosognosia
  • finger neglect
  • dysgraphia (spatial, neglect)
  • dyscalculia (spatial)
  • constructional apraxia
  • dressing apraxia
  • facial recognition
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19
Q

Papez circuit

A

Limbic structures involved in emotional processing

hippocampus=> fornix==>mamilliary bodies==>mammillothalamic tract==>anterior thalamic nucleus==>genu of the internal capsule==>cingulate gyrus==> parahippocampal gyrus==> entorhinal cortex==> perforant pathway==>back to hippocampus

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20
Q

Limbic system

A
  • described by Broca, Papez and Maclean
  • after Papez circuit, this was expanded to include amygdala, septum, basal forebrain, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex
  • involved in mediation of emotional responses, influencing neuroendocrine responses and reward system regulation
  • evolutionarily older than the higher cortical centres
21
Q

Medial temporal structures

A
  • include the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex
  • plays role in memory processes
  • few areas where the continuous production of new neurons is noted even in adult life
  • amygdala appears crucial for fear conditioning and emotional regulation
22
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • basal ganglia are a group of gray matter nuclei forming the largest subcortical structure in the brain
  • they are involved in planning an dprogramming of movement and also have a role in the processes by which an abstract thought is converted into voluntary action
  • consists of the striatum (made up of the caudate nucleus and putamen) and pallidum ( globus pallidus)
  • putamen and globus pallidus are sometimes called lenticular/ lentiform nucleus
23
Q

Striatum

A
  • made of caudate nucleus and putamen

- part of the basal ganglia

24
Q

Lenticular/lentiform nucleus

A

-putamen and globus pallidus

25
Q

Subthalamic nuclei and the substantia nigra

A

-functionally related to the basal ganglia but are not considered part of the basal ganglia

26
Q

Corticostriatal projection

A

-basal ganglia receives crucial inputs from the glutamategic corticostriatal projection

27
Q

Circuits involving the basal ganglia

A
  • described by Alexander
  • motor circuit
  • oculomotor circuit
  • dorsolateral prefrontal circuit (executive)
  • anterior cingulate circuit (motivation)
  • lateral orbitofrontal circuit (social intelligence)
28
Q

OCD

A

-basal ganglia dysfunction: volumetric changes and higher blood flow to the caudate nuclei. Increased caudate metabolism in untreated subjects reduces after effective treatment

29
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

-basal ganglia dysfunction: striatal dopaminergic dysfunction

30
Q

Huntington chorea

A

-basal ganglia dysfunction: degeneration of the striatum (mainly caudate nucleus) and selective loss of GABAergic neurons

31
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

-basal ganglia dysfunction: copper deposits in the lenticular nuclei

32
Q

CO poisoning

A

-basal ganglia dysfunction: acute bilateral anoxic damage to basal ganglia

33
Q

Hemiballismus

A
  • basal ganglia dysfunction: subthalamic nucleus damage (especially in infarction)
  • flailing limb movements
34
Q

Parkinsonism

A
  • depigmentation of substantia nigra
  • Lewy bodies are seen
  • Striatal overactivity associated with bradykinesia
35
Q

Fahr’s disease

A
  • ‘Fahr too much ccalcium in the basal ganglia’
  • progressive calcium desposition in the basal ganglia
  • early onset cases present with schizophreniform psychoses and caratonia
  • later onset cases exhibit dementia and choreoathetosis
36
Q

Thalamus

A
  • large oval mass of grey matter nuclei in the subcortical region, relaying all types of sensory information onto cortex (except olfaction)
  • it also relays cerebellar and basal ganglia imputs to the cerebral cortex
  • plays a crucial role in the filtering of sensory information in preparation for cortical processing
37
Q

Anterior thalamus

A
  • part of the limbic system
  • receives the mamillothalamic tract and fornix and connects to the cingulate cortex
  • thus it relays information from hypothalamus and hippocampus onto the frontal cortex
38
Q

Pulvinar

A
  • associated with visual attention

- sleep spindles are generated in the reticular nucleus f the thalamus

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • regulates physiological functions such as eating, drinking, sleeping and temperature regulation
  • hypothalamus has chemoreceptors that respond to variations in glucose levels, osmolarity, acid balance etc
  • it plays a major role in neuroendocrine control
40
Q

Ventromedial hypthalamus

A
  • acts as the satiety centre

- animals with a lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus hyperphagia and obesity are noted

41
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

-the feeding centre

42
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • important role of preparing a motor plan and predicting balance needed between muscle groups to carry out the intended action smoothly
  • cerebellar lesions produce ataxia and coarse intentional tremors along with hypotonia, past pointing and pendular knee jerk
  • may have a cognitive role
43
Q

Cognitive dysmetria

A
  • Andreasen
  • refers to the difficulty in coordinating and monitoring the process of receiving, processing and expressing information that could result from disrupted cortico-cerebellar circuitry in schizophrenia
44
Q

Brainstem

A
  • midbrain, pons and medulla

- 9 out of 12 cranial nerves enter or exit the brain from the brainstem

45
Q

Midbrain

A

-consists of superior (conjugate gaze control) and inferior colliculi (auditory source localisation)

46
Q

Substantia nigra

A
  • also located in the midbrain along with the periaqueducal grey matter
  • important role in vocalisation and freezing response to threat and in pain suppression
47
Q

Pons

A

-positioned beneath the cerebellum and surrounds the upper half of the 4th ventricle

48
Q

Medulla

A

-surrounds the inferior part of the 4th ventricle and is continuous with the spinal cord

Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

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