General Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Protoplasm
A
What makes up a cell. Nutrients, mineral salts, and water.
2
Q
Mitosis
A
the process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
3
Q
Metabolism
A
Cells convert nutrients to energy through this chemical process.
4
Q
Anabolism
A
The process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule. This requires energy.
5
Q
Catabolism
A
The process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules. This releases energy.
6
Q
Tissue
A
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four types of tissue in the body.
7
Q
Connective tissue
A
The fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs
8
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin.
9
Q
Nerve tissue
A
Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
10
Q
Muscle tissue
A
Contracts and moves various parts of the body
11
Q
Circulatory system
A
Controls blood movement throughout the body.
12
Q
Digestive system
A
Breaks down food into nutrients or waste
13
Q
Endocrine system
A
Controls hormone levels within the body that determine growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body.
14
Q
Excretory system
A
Eliminates waste from the body, reducing the buildup of toxins
15
Q
Immune (lymphatic) system
A
Protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying pathogens and toxins.
16
Q
Integumentary system
A
Provides a protective covering and regulates body temperature
17
Q
Muscular system
A
Covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place; muscles contract to allow for movement of body structures
18
Q
Nervous system
A
Coordinates all other body systems, allowing them to work efficiently and react to the environment
19
Q
Reproductive system
A
Producs offspring and differentiates males from females as assigned at birth
20
Q
Respiratory system
A
Makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through respiration; eliminates carbon dioxide
21
Q
Skeletal system
A
Forms the physical foundation of the body; composed of 206 bones connected by moveable and immoveable joints
22
Q
Osteology
A
the study of bones
23
Q
Joint
A
the connection of two or more bones; moveable and immovable
24
Q
Cranium
A
An oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain
25
Facial skeleton
The framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
26
Ethmoid bone
Separates nasal cavity from brain
27
Sphenoid bone
Forms base and sides of skull
28
Zygomatic bones (2)
AKA: Cheekbones or malar bones
29
Lacrimal bones (2)
Two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets
30
Maxillae bones (2)
Two bones that form the upper jaw
31
Mandible
Largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw
32
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure, and flexibility to the neck
33
Hyoid Bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat
34
Clavicle
AKA: collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula
35
Scapula (2)
Also called the shoulder blad; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder
36
Metacarpus (5)
Five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges
37
Carpus (8)
AKA: the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones called carpals
38
Phalanges
AKA: digits; bones of the fingers or toes; three in each finger and two in each thumb
39
Radius
Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
40
Ulna
Inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the side of the little finger
41
Humerus
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
42
Patella
AKA: kneecap
43
Tibia
AKA: shinbone, its the larger of the two leg bones below the knee on the big toe side that supports most of the body's weight
44
Fibula
Located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee
45
Tarsals (7)
Seven irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, caleneus (heel), navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones
46
Metatarsals (5)
Five long, slender bones similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand
47
Talus
Also called the ankle bone, between the heel bone, tibia, and fibula
48
Myology
The study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system
49
Cardiac muscle
A type of striated muscle found only in the heart
50
Involuntary muscles (nonstriated)
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system and control body functions such as breathing and digestion
51
Voluntary muscles (striated)
Muscles that we control at will
52
[Muscle parts] Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest to the skeleton
53
[Muscle parts] Belly
Middle part of the muscle
54
[Muscle parts] Insertion
Movable part of the muscle anchored to the bone; attached farthest from the skeleton
55
Muscle tissue can be stimulated by:
-massage
-electric current therapy
-infrared light
-dry heat
-moist heat
-nerve impulses
-chemicals
56
Epicranius
Broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis
57
Epicranial aponeurosis
Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
58
Occipitalis
Back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward
59
Sternocleidomastoideus
Neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal cone near the ear
60
Platysma
Broad muscle extending from the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip
61
Frontalis
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead
62
Corrugator
Small muscle located between the eybrows and the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
63
Temporalis
Located near the temple, it opens and closes the jaw
64
Orbicularis Oculi
Ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assists in pumping tears
65
Levator labii superioris
Muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as when expressing distaste
66
Masseter
Originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close
67
Buccinator
Muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
68
Triangularis
Muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning
69
Depressor labii inferioris
Muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm
70
Mentalis
Muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
71
Orbicularis oris
Muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
72
Risorius
muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back as when grinning
73
Zygomaticus major
Muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward and upward when laughing or smiling
74
Zygomaticus minor
Muscle that works with the zygomaticus major to make facial expressions
75
Levator anguli oris
Muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
76
Levator palpebrae superioris
Thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid
77
Procerus
Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
78
Trapezius
Covers the back of the neck as well as the upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head; raises the shoulders; controls swinging movements of the arm
79
Deltoid
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
80
Bicep
Front of the upper arm; produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
81
Supinator
Forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
82
Flexor
Extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it
83
Pronator
Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward
84
Tricep
Large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow
85
Extensors
Muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line
86
Adductors
muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body, draw the fingers together in the hand
87
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand
88
Opponens
Muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand
89
Peroneus longus
muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward.
90
Extensor digitorum longus
muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes.
90
Peroneus brevis-
muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bends the foot down and out.
91
Extensor halluces longus
muscle- muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot.
92
Gastrocnemius
muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down.
93
Tibialis anterior
muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward.
94
Soleus
muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.
95
Flexor digiti minimi
foot muscle that moves the little toe
96
Abductor digiti minimi
foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move
97
Abductor hallucis
foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes
98
Flexor digitorum brevis
foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing.
99
Nervous system
A well-organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It controls and coordinates all other body systems.
100
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing
101
Central nervous system (CNS)
Controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves; it allows you to taste, smell, see, hear, think, breathe, move, run, sleep, remember, sing, laugh, and write
102
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
System of nerves connecting the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS
103
Nerves
Whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impul ses. They originate in the brain and spinal cord and send their branches to all parts of the body.
104
Circulatory system
AKA cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body's steady blood circulation through the heart and blood vessels. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute blood throughout the body
105
Blood vessels
tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body.
106
Lymph
a clear or pale-yellow fluid that contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels.
107
Lymph nodes
glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels.
108
Integumentary system
consists of the skin and its accessory organs (oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails). The word integument means a natural covering. The skin protects the body against outside elements, such as germs, chemicals, and sun exposure
109
Endocrine System
A group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body.
110
Glands
Produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body.
111
Endocrine glands
also known as ductless glands, include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands, and release hormones directly into the bloodstream
112
Exocrine glands
also known as duct glands, include the sebaceous and suduriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts
113
Hormones
chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body. Hormones influence the welfare of the entire body.
114
Acid Mantle
a protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water that forms a hydrolipidic film to protect the skin from drying out and from exposure to external factors that could damage it.
