General Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Protoplasm
What makes up a cell. Nutrients, mineral salts, and water.
Mitosis
the process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Metabolism
Cells convert nutrients to energy through this chemical process.
Anabolism
The process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule. This requires energy.
Catabolism
The process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules. This releases energy.
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four types of tissue in the body.
Connective tissue
The fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs
Epithelial tissue
Provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin.
Nerve tissue
Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
Muscle tissue
Contracts and moves various parts of the body
Circulatory system
Controls blood movement throughout the body.
Digestive system
Breaks down food into nutrients or waste
Endocrine system
Controls hormone levels within the body that determine growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body.
Excretory system
Eliminates waste from the body, reducing the buildup of toxins
Immune (lymphatic) system
Protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying pathogens and toxins.
Integumentary system
Provides a protective covering and regulates body temperature
Muscular system
Covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place; muscles contract to allow for movement of body structures
Nervous system
Coordinates all other body systems, allowing them to work efficiently and react to the environment
Reproductive system
Producs offspring and differentiates males from females as assigned at birth
Respiratory system
Makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through respiration; eliminates carbon dioxide
Skeletal system
Forms the physical foundation of the body; composed of 206 bones connected by moveable and immoveable joints
Osteology
the study of bones
Joint
the connection of two or more bones; moveable and immovable
Cranium
An oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain
Facial skeleton
The framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
Ethmoid bone
Separates nasal cavity from brain
Sphenoid bone
Forms base and sides of skull
Zygomatic bones (2)
AKA: Cheekbones or malar bones
Lacrimal bones (2)
Two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets
Maxillae bones (2)
Two bones that form the upper jaw
Mandible
Largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure, and flexibility to the neck
Hyoid Bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat
Clavicle
AKA: collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula
Scapula (2)
Also called the shoulder blad; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder
Metacarpus (5)
Five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges
Carpus (8)
AKA: the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones called carpals
Phalanges
AKA: digits; bones of the fingers or toes; three in each finger and two in each thumb
Radius
Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
Ulna
Inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the side of the little finger
Humerus
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
Patella
AKA: kneecap
Tibia
AKA: shinbone, its the larger of the two leg bones below the knee on the big toe side that supports most of the body’s weight
Fibula
Located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee
Tarsals (7)
Seven irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, caleneus (heel), navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones
Metatarsals (5)
Five long, slender bones similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand
Talus
Also called the ankle bone, between the heel bone, tibia, and fibula
Myology
The study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system
Cardiac muscle
A type of striated muscle found only in the heart
Involuntary muscles (nonstriated)
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system and control body functions such as breathing and digestion
Voluntary muscles (striated)
Muscles that we control at will
[Muscle parts] Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest to the skeleton
[Muscle parts] Belly
Middle part of the muscle
[Muscle parts] Insertion
Movable part of the muscle anchored to the bone; attached farthest from the skeleton
Muscle tissue can be stimulated by:
-massage
-electric current therapy
-infrared light
-dry heat
-moist heat
-nerve impulses
-chemicals
Epicranius
Broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis
Epicranial aponeurosis
Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
Occipitalis
Back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward
Sternocleidomastoideus
Neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal cone near the ear
Platysma
Broad muscle extending from the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip
Frontalis
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead
Corrugator
Small muscle located between the eybrows and the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
Temporalis
Located near the temple, it opens and closes the jaw
Orbicularis Oculi
Ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assists in pumping tears
Levator labii superioris
Muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as when expressing distaste
Masseter
Originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close
Buccinator
Muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
Triangularis
Muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning
Depressor labii inferioris
Muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm
Mentalis
Muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
Orbicularis oris
Muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
Risorius
muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back as when grinning
Zygomaticus major
Muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward and upward when laughing or smiling
Zygomaticus minor
Muscle that works with the zygomaticus major to make facial expressions
Levator anguli oris
Muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
Levator palpebrae superioris
Thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid
Procerus
Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
Trapezius
Covers the back of the neck as well as the upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head; raises the shoulders; controls swinging movements of the arm
Deltoid
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
Bicep
Front of the upper arm; produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
Supinator
Forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
Flexor
Extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it
Pronator
Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward
Tricep
Large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow
Extensors
Muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line
Adductors
muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body, draw the fingers together in the hand
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand
Opponens
Muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand
Peroneus longus
muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward.
Extensor digitorum longus
muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes.
Peroneus brevis-
muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bends the foot down and out.
Extensor halluces longus
muscle- muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot.
Gastrocnemius
muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down.
Tibialis anterior
muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward.
Soleus
muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.
Flexor digiti minimi
foot muscle that moves the little toe
Abductor digiti minimi
foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move
Abductor hallucis
foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes
Flexor digitorum brevis
foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing.
Nervous system
A well-organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It controls and coordinates all other body systems.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing
Central nervous system (CNS)
Controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves; it allows you to taste, smell, see, hear, think, breathe, move, run, sleep, remember, sing, laugh, and write
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
System of nerves connecting the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS
Nerves
Whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impul ses. They originate in the brain and spinal cord and send their branches to all parts of the body.
Circulatory system
AKA cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body’s steady blood circulation through the heart and blood vessels. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute blood throughout the body
Blood vessels
tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body.
Lymph
a clear or pale-yellow fluid that contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels.
Lymph nodes
glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels.
Integumentary system
consists of the skin and its accessory organs (oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails). The word integument means a natural covering. The skin protects the body against outside elements, such as germs, chemicals, and sun exposure
Endocrine System
A group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body.
Glands
Produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body.
Endocrine glands
also known as ductless glands, include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands, and release hormones directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands
also known as duct glands, include the sebaceous and suduriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts
Hormones
chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body. Hormones influence the welfare of the entire body.
Acid Mantle
a protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water that forms a hydrolipidic film to protect the skin from drying out and from exposure to external factors that could damage it.
