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General Anatomy and Physiology > General Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

General Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Protoplasm

A

What makes up a cell. Nutrients, mineral salts, and water.

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

the process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

Cells convert nutrients to energy through this chemical process.

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

The process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule. This requires energy.

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules. This releases energy.

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6
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four types of tissue in the body.

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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

The fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin.

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9
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

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10
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts and moves various parts of the body

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11
Q

Circulatory system

A

Controls blood movement throughout the body.

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12
Q

Digestive system

A

Breaks down food into nutrients or waste

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13
Q

Endocrine system

A

Controls hormone levels within the body that determine growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body.

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14
Q

Excretory system

A

Eliminates waste from the body, reducing the buildup of toxins

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15
Q

Immune (lymphatic) system

A

Protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying pathogens and toxins.

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16
Q

Integumentary system

A

Provides a protective covering and regulates body temperature

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17
Q

Muscular system

A

Covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place; muscles contract to allow for movement of body structures

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18
Q

Nervous system

A

Coordinates all other body systems, allowing them to work efficiently and react to the environment

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19
Q

Reproductive system

A

Producs offspring and differentiates males from females as assigned at birth

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20
Q

Respiratory system

A

Makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through respiration; eliminates carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

Forms the physical foundation of the body; composed of 206 bones connected by moveable and immoveable joints

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22
Q

Osteology

A

the study of bones

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23
Q

Joint

A

the connection of two or more bones; moveable and immovable

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24
Q

Cranium

A

An oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain

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25
Q

Facial skeleton

A

The framework of the face; composed of 14 bones

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26
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Separates nasal cavity from brain

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27
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Forms base and sides of skull

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28
Q

Zygomatic bones (2)

A

AKA: Cheekbones or malar bones

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29
Q

Lacrimal bones (2)

A

Two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets

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30
Q

Maxillae bones (2)

A

Two bones that form the upper jaw

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31
Q

Mandible

A

Largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw

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32
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

A

Seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure, and flexibility to the neck

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33
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat

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34
Q

Clavicle

A

AKA: collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula

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35
Q

Scapula (2)

A

Also called the shoulder blad; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder

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36
Q

Metacarpus (5)

A

Five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges

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37
Q

Carpus (8)

A

AKA: the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones called carpals

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38
Q

Phalanges

A

AKA: digits; bones of the fingers or toes; three in each finger and two in each thumb

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39
Q

Radius

A

Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb

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40
Q

Ulna

A

Inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the side of the little finger

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41
Q

Humerus

A

Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

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42
Q

Patella

A

AKA: kneecap

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43
Q

Tibia

A

AKA: shinbone, its the larger of the two leg bones below the knee on the big toe side that supports most of the body’s weight

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44
Q

Fibula

A

Located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee

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45
Q

Tarsals (7)

A

Seven irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, caleneus (heel), navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones

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46
Q

Metatarsals (5)

A

Five long, slender bones similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand

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47
Q

Talus

A

Also called the ankle bone, between the heel bone, tibia, and fibula

48
Q

Myology

A

The study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system

49
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

A type of striated muscle found only in the heart

50
Q

Involuntary muscles (nonstriated)

A

Controlled by the autonomic nervous system and control body functions such as breathing and digestion

51
Q

Voluntary muscles (striated)

A

Muscles that we control at will

52
Q

[Muscle parts] Origin

A

Part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest to the skeleton

53
Q

[Muscle parts] Belly

A

Middle part of the muscle

54
Q

[Muscle parts] Insertion

A

Movable part of the muscle anchored to the bone; attached farthest from the skeleton

55
Q

Muscle tissue can be stimulated by:

A

-massage
-electric current therapy
-infrared light
-dry heat
-moist heat
-nerve impulses
-chemicals

56
Q

Epicranius

A

Broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis

57
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis

A

Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

58
Q

Occipitalis

A

Back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward

59
Q

Sternocleidomastoideus

A

Neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal cone near the ear

60
Q

Platysma

A

Broad muscle extending from the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip

61
Q

Frontalis

A

Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead

62
Q

Corrugator

A

Small muscle located between the eybrows and the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

63
Q

Temporalis

A

Located near the temple, it opens and closes the jaw

64
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

Ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assists in pumping tears

65
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as when expressing distaste

66
Q

Masseter

A

Originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close

67
Q

Buccinator

A

Muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

68
Q

Triangularis

A

Muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning

69
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm

70
Q

Mentalis

A

Muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

71
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

72
Q

Risorius

A

muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back as when grinning

73
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

Muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward and upward when laughing or smiling

74
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

Muscle that works with the zygomaticus major to make facial expressions

75
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

Muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

76
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid

77
Q

Procerus

A

Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

78
Q

Trapezius

A

Covers the back of the neck as well as the upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head; raises the shoulders; controls swinging movements of the arm

79
Q

Deltoid

A

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

80
Q

Bicep

A

Front of the upper arm; produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

81
Q

Supinator

A

Forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward

82
Q

Flexor

A

Extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it

83
Q

Pronator

A

Muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward

84
Q

Tricep

A

Large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow

85
Q

Extensors

A

Muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line

86
Q

Adductors

A

muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body, draw the fingers together in the hand

87
Q

Abductors

A

Muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand

88
Q

Opponens

A

Muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand

89
Q

Peroneus longus

A

muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward.

90
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes.

90
Q

Peroneus brevis-

A

muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bends the foot down and out.

91
Q

Extensor halluces longus

A

muscle- muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot.

92
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down.

93
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward.

94
Q

Soleus

A

muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.

95
Q

Flexor digiti minimi

A

foot muscle that moves the little toe

96
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move

97
Q

Abductor hallucis

A

foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes

98
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis

A

foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing.

99
Q

Nervous system

A

A well-organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It controls and coordinates all other body systems.

100
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing

101
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves; it allows you to taste, smell, see, hear, think, breathe, move, run, sleep, remember, sing, laugh, and write

102
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

System of nerves connecting the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS

103
Q

Nerves

A

Whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impul ses. They originate in the brain and spinal cord and send their branches to all parts of the body.

104
Q

Circulatory system

A

AKA cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body’s steady blood circulation through the heart and blood vessels. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute blood throughout the body

105
Q

Blood vessels

A

tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body.

106
Q

Lymph

A

a clear or pale-yellow fluid that contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels.

107
Q

Lymph nodes

A

glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels.

108
Q

Integumentary system

A

consists of the skin and its accessory organs (oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails). The word integument means a natural covering. The skin protects the body against outside elements, such as germs, chemicals, and sun exposure

109
Q

Endocrine System

A

A group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body.

110
Q

Glands

A

Produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body.

111
Q

Endocrine glands

A

also known as ductless glands, include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands, and release hormones directly into the bloodstream

112
Q

Exocrine glands

A

also known as duct glands, include the sebaceous and suduriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts

113
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body. Hormones influence the welfare of the entire body.

114
Q

Acid Mantle

A

a protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water that forms a hydrolipidic film to protect the skin from drying out and from exposure to external factors that could damage it.

General Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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