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Boards part 1 > General Anatomy: anatomical triangles, anatomical spaces, cardiovascular, endocrine > Flashcards

General Anatomy: anatomical triangles, anatomical spaces, cardiovascular, endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

suboccipital triangle (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior [all muscles supplied by dorsal ramus of C1]

Contents: 3rd part of vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (C1), and suboccipital vein

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1
Q

Which type of cells are not reproducible?

A

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Simple squamous lines?

A

lymphatic and blood vessels, pleura, and peritoneum

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3
Q

Stratified squamous is found in?

A

skin, esophagus, lower half of the anal canal

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4
Q

Cuboidal is found?

A

Bowman’s capsule, convoluted tubules of the kidneys, thyroid follicles

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5
Q

Simple columnar cells are found?

A

lining of the gastrointestinal tract

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6
Q

Stratified columnar cells are found?

A

uterine tube

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7
Q

pseudostratified columnar cells are found?

A

respiratory tract

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8
Q

Transitional cells are found in?

A

ureter, urinary bladder and most of urethra

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9
Q

Endoderm give rises to?

A

epithelium of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract

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10
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to?

A

bones and muscles of trunk and extremities, cardiovascular system and most of the genitourinary system, cartilage and muscle of the respiratory system, adrenal cortex, dermis of the skin and dura mater of the spinal cord

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11
Q

anterior cervical triangle (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: anterior midline, inferior ramus of mandible and anterior border of SCM

Content: carotid, submandibular, submental, and muscular triangles

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12
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to?

A

epidermis including hair, retina and lens, CNS, PNS, pia and arachnoid mater, adrenal medulla

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13
Q

Carotid Triangle (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: SCM, posterior bell of digastric, and superior belly of omohyoid

Contents: CN XI, XII and the carotid sheath containing common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein and CN X; lying anterior to the carotid sheath are lymhh nodes and the ansa cervicalis

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14
Q

submandibular triangle “digastric triangle” (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: posterior and anterior bellies of digastric and inferior ramus of mandible

Contents: submandibular gland, nodes, facial vein and artery, hypoglossal and mylohyoid nerve

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15
Q

submental triangle “syprahyoid triangle” (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: anteiror bellies of both digastric and hyoid bone
contents: submental lymph nodes and submental veins

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16
Q

muscular triangle (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: SCM, superior belly of omohyoid and anterior midline of neck

Contents: sternohyoid, sternothyorid and thyrohyoid muscles, thyroid, trachea, and larynx

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17
Q

Posterior cervical triangle (boundaries and content)

A

[subdivided by inferior belly of omohyoid into occipital and supraclavicular triangles]

Boundaries: SCM, trapezius, and middle thrid of the clavicle

Contents:
[6 vessels: subclavian artery, suprascapular, transverse cervical, occipital arteries, the subclavian and external jugular vein]
[7 nerves: great auricular, lesser occipital, supraclavicular, transverse cervical nerves, trunks of the brachial plexus, and CN XI]

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18
Q

Triangle of Auscultation (boundaries)

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and medial border of scapula

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19
Q

lumbar triangle [of Petit] (boundaries)

A

latissimus dorsi, external oblique and iliac crest

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20
Q

inguinal triangle [of Hesselbach] (boundaries)

A

rectus abdominis, inferior epigastric vessels and inguinal ligament

NOTE: direct hernias pass through Hesselbach’s triangle
Indirect hernias pass through the deep inguinal ring which is a defect in the transversalis fascia

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21
Q

Femoral triangle [of Scarpa] (boundaries and contents)

A

Boundaries: inguinal ligament, medial borders of sartorius, and adductor longus

Contents: femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral canal

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22
Q

thoracic outlet “superior thoracic aperture” (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: T1 vertebra (post), 1st ribs (lat) and the manubrium of sternum (ant)

contents: trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, right and left brachiocephalic veins, right and left vagus nerves, phrenic nerve, rt and lt sympathtic trunks, T1 of the brachial plexus and the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and longus coli muscles

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23
Q

Axilla space (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: pect major and minor (ant), subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi (post), upper 4 ribs, and serratus anterior (medial) and bicipital groove of the humerus (lat)

Contents: axillary artery and branches, axillary vein and tributaries, cords of the brachial plexus and six groups of lymph nodes [APICAL]

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24
Q

Quadrangular space (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: teres minor (sup), teres major (inf), long head of triceps (med), humerus (lat)

Contents: axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

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25
Q

Triangular space (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: teres minor (sup), teres major (inf), long head of triceps (lat)

Contents: circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular artery

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26
Q

Cubital fossa (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: pronator teres (med), brachioradialis (lat), imaginary line bw humeral epicondyles (sup)

contents from lateral to medial: radial nerve, tendon of bicep brachii, brachial artery (and its terminal branches-radial and ulnar) and the median nerve

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27
Q

anatomical snuffbox (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis (ant) and tendon of extensor pollicis longus (post)

Conents: radial artery and tendons of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

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36
Q

[embryology of cardiovascular system]

What forms the right and left endocardial tubes and what do these form?

A

angioblastic tissue coalesce to form endocardial tubes that fuses to form the primitive heart tube

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37
Q

Primitive heart tube folds and develops what?

A

three dilations: atrial, ventricular, and bulbus cordis

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38
Q

atrial dilation is divided by a what and in what week?

A

septum primum and in the 5th week

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39
Q

truncus arteriosus is divided into what and in what week?

A

two separate tubes: aortic and pulmonary in the 7th and 8th weeks

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40
Q

____ is a connection in the fetus that allows oxygenated blood to be shunted from the left pulmonary artery to the arch of the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

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41
Q

ductus arteriosus closes shortly after birth to form what?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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42
Q

MC congenital heart disease

A

ventricular septal defect

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43
Q

MC ostium secundum defect=?

A

Atrial Septal Defect

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44
Q

MC congenital cyanotic heart disease

A

Fallot’s tetralogy

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45
Q

Fallot’s tetralolgy consist of?

A
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • ventricular septal defect
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
  • over-riding [dextroposition] of the aorta
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46
Q

Cyanosis occurs in Fallot’s tetralolgy because…?

A

due to the mixing of the arterial blood with deoxygenated blood and occurs in RIGHT TO LEFT SHUNTS

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47
Q

acyanotic congenital heart disease include

A

atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and a persistent ductus arteriosus and are all LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNTS

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48
Q

_________ Results from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth

A

persistent ductus arteriosus

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49
Q

what are the surface markings of the heart?

A
  • 3rd right costal cartilage 1 finger’s breath from the sternal edge
  • 6th right costal cartilage 1 finger’s breath from the sternal edge
  • 2nd left costal cartilage 1 finger’s breath from the sternal edge
  • 5th left intercostal space 7-9 cm from the midsternal line
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50
Q

Right atrium originates from?

A

sinus venosus (smooth-) and from true atrium (rough-has pectinate muscles bundles)

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51
Q

sinus venosus and true atrium of the heart is separated from a ridge called?

A

crista terminalis

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52
Q

60-70% of myocardial venous blood drains into the heart via…

A

coronary sinus

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56
Q

carpal tunnel (floor, roof, content)

A

Floor: carpal bones [trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate]

Roof: flexor retinaculum- 1” fibrous square attached to Scaphoid, trapezium, Os Hamate, and Pisiform [STOP]

Content: median nerve, tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, and profundus and tendon of flexor pollicis longus

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57
Q

How is it possible that an individual feels sensation along the palm with carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

It is because the superficial palmer branch of the median nerve passes over the retinaculum, avoiding compression, that allows an individual to have sensation of the palm

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58
Q

Guyon’s canal “ulnar tunnel” (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: flexor retinaculum [floor]; pisohamate ligament [roof], pisiform [medial border], hamate [lateral border]

Contents: ulnar nerve and ulnar artery

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59
Q

Inguinal canal (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: external oblique aponeurosis and internal oblique (ant) with the conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia (post)

Content: ilioinguinal nerve, spermatic cord in males, round ligament of uterus in females

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60
Q

Femoral canal (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: lacunar ligament (medial), inguinal ligament (ant), femoral vein (lat) and pectineus and pectineal ligament (post)

Contents: lymph node [Cloquet/Rosenmuller], lymphatics and connective tissue

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61
Q

adductor canal “subsartorial/Hunter’s canal” (boundaries and content)

A

Boundaries: vastus medialis (anterolateral), sartorius (medial), adductor longus (post), magnus (post)

Contents: femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medialis

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62
Q

popliteal fossa (boundaries and content)

A

boundaries: biceps femoris (superolateral), semitendinosus and semimembranosus (superomedial), lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius (inferolateral and inferomedial)

Contents: tibial nerve, popliteal vein and arter, common peroneal [fibular] nerve, nodes, fat, the artery is deepest, the tibial nerve is most superficial, and the vein is in between

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63
Q

Tarsal Tunnel (location and contents)

A

location: lies behind the medial malleolus and under the flexor retinaculum

contents: Tibialis posterior tendon, flexor Digitorum longus tendon, posterior tibial Artery, vein, and Nerve, flexor Hallicus longus tendon
[Tom, Dick, ANd Harry] in that order from anterior to posterior

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64
Q

What are the surface markings of the heart valve sounds?

A
  • 2nd right intercostal space 1.25 cm away from the sternal border
  • 2nd left intercostal space 1.25 cm away from the sternal border
  • 4th left intercostal space 1.25 cm away from the sternal border
  • 5th left intercostal space 7-9 cm away from the midsternal line
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65
Q

surface markings of the heart valve sounds

What valve are you listening to at the 2nd right intercostal space?

A

aortic

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66
Q

surface markings of the heart valve sounds

What valve are you listening to at the 2nd left intercostal space?

A

pulmonary

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67
Q

surface markings of the heart valve sounds

what valve are u listening to at the 4th left intercostal space?

A

tricuspid

68
Q

surface markings of the heart valve sounds

What valve are you listening to at the 5th left intercostal space?

A

mitral

69
Q

The heart is supplied by what two branches?

A

right and left coronary artery [coronary blood supply]

70
Q

right coronary artery (location, branches, distribution)

A

originates from right aortic coronary sinus and runs bw right auricle and pulmonary trunk in the anterior atrioventricular sulcus

Branches: sinu-atrial, right marginal, posterior interventricular, atrioventircular

Distribute: right atrium, right ventricle, 3-% of left atrium, SA node, AV node, posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum

71
Q

Left coronary artery (location, branches, distribution)

A

originates from the left aortic coronary sinus and runs bw the left auricle and pulmonary trunk

Branches: circumflex, anterior interventriculr “left anterior descending”, left marginal

Distribution: left ventricle, 70% of left atrium, anterior 2/3 of the interventicular septum

72
Q

coronary sinus drains ___% of the venous blood of the heart via what veins?

A
  • Great cardiac vein [accompanies the left anterior descending artery]
  • Small cardiac vein [accompanies the right marginal artery]
  • Middle cardiac vein [accompanies the posterior interventricular artery]
  • Oblique cardiac vein

(SMOG)

73
Q

rest of the coronary venous blood drains via what?

A
  • anterior cardiac vein which opens into RA

- smaller venae cordis minimi

74
Q

SA node is innervated by what?

A

cardiac plexuses with sympathetic fibers from T1-5 and parasympathetic fibers from CN X

75
Q

Cervical plexus is divided into what? and where is its location?

A
  • superficial plexus lies below the the arch

- deep lies behind the arch of the aorta

76
Q

Superficial part of the cardiac plexus receives fibers from?

A

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and inferior cardiac branch of the vagus

77
Q

deep plexus of the cardiac plexus receives contributions from what?

A
  • superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion
  • superior and inferior cardiac branches of the vagus
  • recurrent laryngeal nerves from the vagus nerve
78
Q

What are the branches of the thoracic aorta?

A
  • right and left coronary arteries (from ascending aorta)
  • brachiocephalic trunk (from the arch of aorta)
  • left common carotid (from the arch of the aorta)
  • left subclavian artery (from the arch of the aorta)
  • -3rd to 11th posterior intercostals (from the descending part of the thoracic aorta)
  • -bronchial (from the descending part of the thoracic aorta)
  • -esophageal (from the descending part of the thoracic aorta)
79
Q

branches of the abdominal aorta:

  • 4 paired visceral
  • 4 paired parietal
  • 4 unpaired visceral
A
  • 4 paired visceral: inferior phrenic, middle adrenal, renal, and gonadal
  • 4 paired parietal: 1st-4th lumbar arteries
  • 4 unpaired visceral: celiac trunk (T12), superior mesenteric (L1), inferior mesenteric (L3), median sacral (L4)
80
Q

where does the aorta end?

A

at L4 by bifurcation: common iliac arteries-> internal and external iliac arteries

81
Q

branches of the internal iliac artery include? (anterior and posterior division)

A
  • anterior: Superior vesical, Inferior vesical, Middle rectal, Obturator, Inferior gluteal, Internal pudendal, + Uterine and vaginal arteries in females
  • posterior: Iliolumbar, Lateral sacral, Superior gluteal

Some Inherit Money, Others Inherit Insanity. Usually. Isn’t Life Silly

82
Q

External Iliac Artery branches into?

A

-cremasteric artery (male), inferior epigastric artery, deep circumflex artery

83
Q

External iliac artery continues as the femoral artery, what are its branches?

A

superficial external pudendal, deep external pudendal, superficial circumflex iliac, deep femoral with its medial and lateral circumflex branches

84
Q

the femoral artery passes through ______ to become the ______

A

adductor canal; popliteal artery

85
Q

what are the branches of the popliteal artery

A

medial and lateral superior, middle, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries

86
Q

popliteal artery bifurcates into?

A

posterior and anterior tibial arteries

87
Q

where is the posterior tibial artery found? (pathway)

A

posterior tibial artery leaves the popliteal fossa and enters the posterior compartment of the leg, passes behind the medial malleolus and divides into medial and lateral plantar artery

88
Q

what are the branches of the posterior tibial artery?

A

posterior medial malleolar, muscular, peroneal/fibular, nutrient to the tibia

89
Q

where is the anterior tibial artery found? (pathway)

A

leaves the popliteal fossa, passes above the interosseous membrane bw the tibia ad fibula and enters the anterior leg compartment and continues in the foot as the dorsalis pedis artery

90
Q

what are the branches of the anterior tibial artery?

A

recurrent genicular, anterior medial, lateral malleolar

91
Q

dorsalis pedis artery gives off a branch called?

A

arcuate artery which supplies the dorsum of the foot

92
Q

dorsalis pedis artery passes through the space in bw the ___ and ___ toes. This joins what?

A

1st and 2nd toes; joins the lateral plantar branch of the posterior tibial artery to form the plantar arch

93
Q

left subclavian artery comes off of?

A

arch of the aorta

94
Q

right subclavian artery comes off the?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

95
Q

right and left subclavian artery passes over?

A

the 1st rib behind the scalenus anterior muscle

96
Q

what are the branches of the subclavian artery?

A

internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk

97
Q

what are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

SIT

-Suprascapular, Inferior thyroid, Transverse cervical

98
Q

Branches of the costocervical trunk are?

A

superior intercostal and deep cervical

99
Q

beyond the outer border of the 1st rib, the subclavian artery becomes _____ that is divided into three parts by the?

A

axillary artery; pectoralis minor

100
Q

branches of the axillary artery are?

A
  • 1st part [prox to pect minor]- superior thoracic artery
  • 2nd part [beneath pect minor]- toraco-acromial and lateral thoracic arteries
  • 3rd part [distal to pect minor]-subscapular, posterior, and anterior circumflex humeral arteries
101
Q

when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

beyond the lower border of teres major

102
Q

what are the branches of the brachial artery?

A

profunda brachial [accompanies radial nerve], nutrient, muscular, superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries

103
Q

where does the brachial artery terminate

A

cubital fossa at the level of the neck of the radius by bifucating into the radial and ulnar arteries

104
Q

Branches of the radial artery are?

A

RCMP

Radial recurrent, Carpal, Muscular, superficial Palmer arteries

105
Q

Branches of the ulnar artery are?

A

anterior and posterior ulnar collateral, common interosseous, muscular, anterior and posterior carpal, deep palmer

106
Q

radial and ulnar arteries form two arches, what are they and where are they found?

A
  • superficial palmer arch (continuation of ulnar artery): lies bw the palmer aponeurosis and the digital flexor tendons, completed by the superficial palmer branch of the radial artery
  • deep palmer arch (continuation of the radial artery): lies be the palmer interossei and the deep digital flexor tendons, lies proximal to the superficial palmer arch
107
Q

What is derived from the radial and ulnar arteries and what does it supply?

A

common palmer digital arteries; supplies the fingers

108
Q

_____ accompanies the posterior circumflex artery in the quadrangular space

A

axillary nerve

109
Q

______ is accompanied by the median nerve in the arm

A

brachial artery

110
Q

_______ accompanies the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle

A

superior ulnar collateral artery

111
Q

______is accompanied by the ulnar nerve in the forearm

A

ulnar artery

112
Q

______ is accompanied by the anterior interosseous nerve in the forearm

A

median nerve

113
Q

______ is accompanied by the radial artery in the middle of the forearm

A

superficial radial nerve

114
Q

____ accompanies the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve in the middle of the forearm

A

posterior interosseous nerve

115
Q

_____ is accompanied by the femoral artery in the upper thigh

A

femoral nerve

116
Q

_____ accompanies the femoral artery in the mid-thigg

A

saphenous nerve

117
Q

____accompanies the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa

A

popliteal artery

118
Q

_______ accompanies the posterior tibial artery in the posterior leg compartment

A

posterior tibial nerve

119
Q

accompanies the deep peroneal nerve in the anterior leg compartment

A

anterior tibial artery

120
Q

this gland is considered the master of endocrine gland

A

pituitary gland

121
Q

pituitary has two parts and two embryological origins, what are they?

A
  • two parts: anterior and posterior lobes

- two embryological origins: Rathke’s pouch and a down growth of the hypothalamus respectively

122
Q

where is the pituitary gland found and what covers it?

A
  • lies in the sella turcica found wn the sphenoid bone below the optic chiasma
  • covered by a fold of dura called diaphragm sellae
123
Q

anterior lobe is from Rathke’s pouch that produces?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH

124
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH: Which one of these are not influenced by releasing factors from they hypothalmus

A

PRL: influenced by the Prolactin Inhibiting Factors (dopamine)

125
Q

T/F posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces hormones: oxytocin, ADH, and vasopresin

A

false, posterior pituitary does not produce, it stores oxytocin, ADH, or vasopressin, that is produced by the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

126
Q

what supplies the pituitary gland

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid artery

127
Q

thyroid gland is derived from?

A

down growth from the foramen cecum in the tongue

128
Q

thyroid gland weighs _______ and lies in the _______ under____ and ____

A

25 grams; lies in the anterior cervical triangle under the cover of the SCM and the infrahyoid muscles

129
Q

what supplies the thyroid gland

A
  • superior thyroid arteries from external carotid artery
  • inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk
  • thyroidea ima which occurs in 3-10%
130
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid gland is via the?

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

131
Q

middle thryoid vein accompanies?

A

inferior thyroid artery

132
Q

superior thyroid artery is accompanied by the external laryngeal branch of____ that innervates?

A

superior laryngeal nerve; innervates the cricothyroid muscle

133
Q

inferior thyroid artery is closely related to ___ that supplies?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve; supplies the rest of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

134
Q

what part of the thyroid gland secretes thyroxin and calcitonin

A
  • Cuboidal cell-lined follicles secrete thyroxin

- parafollicular cells found bw the follicles secrete calcitonin

135
Q

superior pair of the parathyroid gland is derived from?

A

mesoderm in the 4th pharyngeal puch

136
Q

inferior pari is derived from?

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

137
Q

what supplies the parathyroid glands

A

inferior thyroid artery

138
Q

each gland of the parathyroid contains which two types of cells?

A

chief cells and oxyphils

139
Q

what organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

pancreas

140
Q

pancreas is derived from?

A

ventral and dorsal endodermal buds from the foregut

141
Q

what are the endocrine secretions from the islets of Langerhans?

beta
alpha
delta

A

beta cells [75%]—-> insulin
alpha cells [20%]—> glucagon
delta cells [5%]—–> somatostatin

142
Q

the main pancreatic duct [of Wirsung] carries the exocrine juices from?

A

tail, body and neck of the pancreas

143
Q

main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to open into?

A

ampulla of Vater

144
Q

opening of the main duct is guarded by a?

A

smooth muscle sphincter [of Oddi]

145
Q

what drains the head of the pancreas and opens approximately 2 cm above the main duodenal papilla via the minor duodenal papilla?

A

accessory pancreatic duct [of Santorini]

146
Q

what are the blood supply to the pancreas

A
  • superior pacreaticodudodenal artery from gastroduodenal artery of celiac trunk
  • inferior pacreaticoduodenal artery- from the superior mesenteric artery
  • great pancreatic artery-from splenic artery
147
Q

adrenal glands are derived from what two separate embryological origins?

A
  • outer layer [cortex] from mesoderm

- inner layer [medulla] from neuroectoderm [neuro crest cells]

148
Q

how can u tell the difference between the right and left adrenal gland?

A

right is triangular and smaller

left is semilunar and larger

149
Q

The cortex has three structural zones, what are they and what do they secrete?

A
  • zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids-aldosterone [under Renin control]-salt
  • zona fasciculata-Glucocorticoids [under ATCH control] sweet
  • zona Reticularis- Sex hormones-Sex
150
Q

medulla of the adrenal gland secretes what?

A

norepinephrine under sympathetic control

151
Q

blood supplies the the adrenal gland are?

A
  • superior adrenal artery from inferior phrenic artery
  • middle adrenal artery from the abdominal aorta
  • inferior adrenal artery from the renal artery
152
Q

adrenal gland is drained by?

A
  • left drains into the left renal vein

- right drains into the inferior vena cava

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