General Anatomy Flashcards
Ventral
anterior surface
Dorsal
posterior surface
Apices
tip or topmost portion of a structure
How many bones in the body
206 bones in the human body
zygomas
cheek bones
trachea connects to the
larynx with the main air passage of the lungs (the bronchi).
The upper part of the neck include
esophagus and the trachea (windpipe) lie deep in the midline of the neck.
The spinal column is the central supporting structure of the body. How many bones?
consists of 33 bones, each called a vertebra.
How many bones are found in the Cervical (neck)
7
How many bones are found in the thoraicic ( upper back)
12
How many bones are found in the lumba (lower back)
5
How many bones are found in the sacral ( back wall of pelvis)
5
How many bones are found in the coccyx ( tailbone)
4
Clavicle
Collar bone
Scalpula
shoulder blade
How many pairs of ribs?
12
What abdominal organs are found within the Right upper quadrant (RUQ
Liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon
What abdominal organs are found within Left upper quandrant
stomach, spleen, and a portion of the colon
What abdominal organs are found within RLQ
Two portions of the larger intestine (cecum and the ascending colon) and the appendix (a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum)
What abdominal organs are found within LLQ
Colon portions
Organs that lie in many quandrants
(a) Small intestine
(b) Pancreas
(c) Large intestine
(d) Urinary bladder
vi. The kidneys and pancreas are retroperitoneal organs; they lie behind the abdominal cavity.
The pelvis contains the final portions of the
gastrointestinal tract, the female reproductive organs, and the urinary bladder.
Types of joints include:
a. Ball-and-socket (hip)
b. Hinge (elbow, knee, fingers): Can only flex (bend) and extend (straighten)
c. Amount of motion varies from joint to joint.
d. All joints have a definite limit beyond which motion cannot occur.
e. When a joint is forced beyond this limit, some structure of the joint will be damaged.
The upper airway includes:
- Oropharynx (throat)
- Nasopharynx (above roof of mouth)
- Epiglottis (a leaf-shaped structure that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing)
The lower airway includes:
- Larynx (voice box)
- Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
- Cricoid cartilage (a firm cartilage ring that forms the lower portion of the larynx)
- Trachea (windpipe)
- Bronchi
Each lung is divided into lobes, how many of each
a. The right lung has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower lobes.
b. The left lung has an upper and lower lobe.
What are the Pleura
a. Covering each lung is a layer of very smooth, glistening tissue called parietal pleura.
b. Another layer of pleura, called the visceral pleura, lines the inside of the chest cavity.
c. Between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is the pleural space, also called a potential space because of the close contact between the two layers.
Which part of the nervous system contols breathing
brain stem
If the carbon dioxide level becomes too high, the brain stem sends nerve impulses to
increase breathing or respiratory rate.
Depth (tidal volume): Adequate
i. Adult: 12 to 20 breaths/min
ii. Child: 15 to 30 breaths/min
iii. Infant: 25 to 50 breaths/min
Systemic circulation
The systemic circulation carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium.
Pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
body
Normal heart rates are:
a. Adults: 60 to 100 beats/min
b. Children: 80 to 100 beats/min
c. Toddlers: 100 to 120 beats/min
d. Newborns: 120 to 140 beats/min
Electrical impulses begin high in the atria at the
sinoatrial (SA) node
characteristics of the spleen
- Virtually all of the blood in the body passes through the spleen.
- Worn out blood cells, foreign substances, and bacteria are filtered from the blood.
- Because the spleen is highly vascular, injury can lead to severe internal bleeding.
Systole BP is
The pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the left ventricle contracts
Diastole BP is
The pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the left ventricle is at rest
Cerebrum characteristics
a) The largest part of the brain (gray matter)
(b) Composed of four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
(c) Controls activities on the opposite side of the body
Cerebellum characteristics
(a) Located underneath the great mass of cerebral tissue and called the “little brain”
(b) Coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly body movements
brain stem characterisitics
(a) The most primitive part of the central nervous system
(b) Controlling center for virtually all body functions that are absolutely necessary for life
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin
Dermis
Deeper layer of skin
Subcutaneous layer skin
A layer of fat below the skin
Pancreas
A flat, solid organ that lies below and behind the liver and stomach near the small intestine.
Liver
a. The liver is a large solid organ immediately beneath the diaphragm in the right quadrant.
b. It is the largest solid organ in the abdomen.
